From Race to Reform: Crime and Criminology in Urban America

Timothy A. Hacsi, Second Home: Orphan Asylums and Poor Families in America (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1997); Cynthia Neverdon-Morton, Afro-American Women of the South and the Advancement of the Race, 1895-1925 (Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1989); Eric H. Monkkonen, Police in Urban America, 1860-1920 (New York: Cambridge University Press, 1981); David B. Wolcott, Cops and Kids: Policing Juvenile Delinquency in Urban America, 1890-1940 (Columbus: Ohio State University Press, 2005); Jeffrey S. Adler, First in Violence, Deepest in Dirt: Homicide in Chicago, 1875-1920 (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2006); Christopher Waldrep, The Many Faces of Judge Lynch: Extralegal Violence and Punishment in America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2002); Edward Ayers, Vengeance and Justice: Crime and Punishment in the Nineteenth-Century American South (New York: Oxford University Press, 1984).

Linda Gordon, Heroes of Their Own Lives: The Politics and History of Family Violence (New York: Viking, 1988); Eric C. Schneider, Vampires, Dragons, and Egyptian Kings: Youth Gangs in Postwar New York (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999); Stephen Robertson, Crimes Against Children: Sexual Violence and Legal Culture in New York City, 1880-1960 (Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 2005).

Estelle B. Freedman , Maternal Justice: Miriam Van Waters and the Female Reform Tradition ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996).

Angus McLaren , Sexual Blackmail: A Modern History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2002); Joseph F. Spillane , Cocaine: From Medical Marvel to Modern Menace in the United States, 1884-1920 ( Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2000); Eric C. Schneider , Smack: Heroin and the American City (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2008); Christopher Waldrep , African Americans Confront Lynching: Strategies of Resistance from the Civil War to the Civil Rights Era (Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield, 2008).

Nicole Hahn Rafter , Creating Born Criminals (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1997); Timothy S. Huebner , The Southern Judicial Tradition: State Judges and Sectional Distinctiveness, 1790-1890 (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 1999); David S. Tanenhaus , Juvenile Justice in the Making (New York: Oxford University Press, 2004).

Mary E. Odem, Delinquent Daughters: Protecting and Policing Adolescent Female Sexuality in the United States, 1885-1920 (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1995).

David E. Ruth , Inventing the Public Enemy: The Gangster in American Culture, 1918-1934 ( Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1996); Anne Meis Knupfer , Reform and Resistance: Gender, Delinquency, and America’s First Juvenile Court (New York: Routledge, 2001).

Anthony Walsh , "Evolutionary Psychology and the Origins of Justice," Justice Quarterly 17 (2000): 841-64; Nicole Rafter , "Gender, Genes, and Crime: An Evolving Feminist Agenda," in Gender and Justice: New Concepts and Approaches, ed. Frances Heidensohn (Portland, OR: Willan Publishing , 2006), 211-21; Nicole Rafter , The Criminal Brain: Understanding Biological Theories of Crime (New York: New York University Press, 2008).

Anthony Walsh and Lee Ellis , Criminology: An Interdisciplinary Approach (Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2007).

Estelle B. Freedman , Their Sister’s Keepers: Women’s Prison Reform in America, 1830-1930 (Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981); Nicole Hahn Rafter , Partial Justice: Women in State Prisons (Boston: Northeastern, 1985); Anne M. Butler , Gendered Justice in the American West: Women Prisoners in Men’s Penitentiaries ( Urbana and Chicago: University of Illinois Press, 1999).

Margaret K. Rosenheim , Franklin E. Zimring , David S. Tanenhaus , Bernardine Dohrn , eds., A Century of Juvenile Justice (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 342.

Ben M. Crouch and James W. Marquart , An Appeal to Justice: Litigated Reform of Texas Prisons (Austin: University of Texas Press, 1989), 1, 124-27.

Soloman Moore , "Court Orders California to Cut Prison Population ," New York Times, February 10, 2009.