1.Johann Curio quoted in Percy Ernst Schramm, Hamburg: A Sonderfall in der Geschichte Deutschlands (Hamburg: Christians, 1964), 15-16. There is, of course, a vast literature on republicanism in the early modern world and, particularly, for the eighteenth century. See, for example, Martin van Gelderen and Quentin Skinner, eds., Republicanism: A Shared European Heritage, 2 vols. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2002). It is important to note, however, that the republicanism of cities like Hamburg (or Amsterdam) differed from that of the Anglo-Saxon or Atlantic republicanism that has dominated the discussion. Such republicanism, as Wijnand Mijnhardt and Jonathan Israel have argued, was "plainly not the ideology of a rural elite, aspiring to dominate a national parliament, but rather of city burghers whose interests were commercial and non-agrarian." Jonathan Israel, Monarchy, Orangism, and Republicanism in the Later Dutch Golden Age, Second Golden Age Lecture (Amsterdam: Amsterdams Centrum voor de Studie van de Gouden Eeuw, 2004). On the perceived decline of republican values and virtues at the turn of the century, see Katherine B. Aaslestad, "Old Visions and New Vices: Republicanism and Civic Virtue in Hamburg’s Print Culture, 1790-1810," in Peter Uwe Hohendahl, ed., Patriotism, Cosmopolitanism, and National Culture: Public Culture in Hamburg, 1700-1933 (Amsterdam: Rodopi, 2003), 143-65. For contemporary commentary on the same topic, Friedrich J. L. Meyer, ed., Fragmente, über Luxus, Bürger-Tugend und Bürger-Wohl, für hamburgische Bürger, die das Gute wollen und können/ am 17ten November 1791 in der Gesellschaft zu Beförderung der Künste und nützlichen Gewerbe gelesen von Georg Heinrich Sieveking, mit Beiträgen und Bemerkungen von zwei seiner Freunden [J. M. Hudtwalcker und J. A. Günther] (Hamburg: Carl Ernst Bohn, 1797).