Theodore Dreiser, "Sister Carrie," in Sister Carrie; Jennie Gerhardt; Twelve Men, ed. Richard Lehan (New York, 1900/1987), 9-10; L. Frank Baum, The Wonderful Wizard of Oz (New York, 1900/1979), 100-101.
2.
M.M. Bakhtin, The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays, ed. Michael Holquist, trans. and ed. Caryl Emerson and Michael Holquist (Austin, 1981), 425-26.
3.
Eric Rauchway, Blessed among Nations: How the World Made America (New York, 2006), 62; For Klein’s provocative cultural parallels between transatlantic immigration and intranational migration, see Foreigners: The Making of American Literature, 1900-1940 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1981), especially Chapter 1.
4.
Carl S.Smith, Chicago and the American Literary Imagination, 1880-1920 ( Chicago, 1984), 174.
5.
Robert M.Dowling, Slumming inNew York: From the Waterfront to Mythic Harlem (Urbana, 2007), 113.
6.
William H. Harvey, Coin’s Financial School, ed. Richard Hofstadter (Cambridge, MA, 1894/1963), 230; and Hamlin Garland, Crumbling Idols: Twelve Essays on Art Dealing Chiefly with Literature Painting and the Drama, ed. Jane Johnson (Cambridge, MA, 1894/1960), 114.
7.
Margaretta M. Lovell, "Picturing ‘A City for a Single Summer’: Paintings of the World’s Columbian Exposition," Art Bulletin 78 (1996): 46; Karal Ann Marling, "Writing History with Artifacts: Columbus at the 1893 Chicago Fair," Public Historian 14 (1992): 14.
8.
Larson makes this reference in passing in The Devil in the White City: Murder, Magic, and Madness at the Fair That Changed America (New York: Vintage Books, 2004), p. 373.
9.
L. Frank Baum, The Emerald City of Oz (New York, 1910/1979), 296.
