David E. Nye, American Technological Sublime (Cambridge, MA: 1994). For an introduction to the historiographic debate, see Merritt Smith and Leo Marx , eds., Does Technology Drive History? The Dilemma of Technological Determinism (Cambridge, MA: 1994).
2.
John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle , Lots of Parking: Land Use in a Car Culture (Charlottesville, VA: 2004); and John A. Jakle, Signs in America's Auto Age: Signatures of Landscape and Place ( Iowa City: 2004). For his previous works in this series, see John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle, The Gas Station in America (Baltimore: 1994); John A. Jakle, Keith A. Sculle, and Jefferson S. Rogers , The Motel in America (Baltimore : 1996); and John A. Jakle and Keith A. Sculle, Fast Food: Roadside Restaurants in the Automobile Age (Baltimore: 1999).
3.
Wolfgang Schivelbush, Disenchanted Night: The Industrialization of Light in the Nineteenth Century , trans. Angela Davies (Berkeley, CA: 1988); and Clay McShane, Down the Asphalt Path: The Automobile and the American City (New York: 1994 ).
4.
Ruth S. Cowan, More Work for Mother: The Ironies of Household Technology from the Open Hearth to the Microwave (New York: 1983); Gwendolyn Wright, Building the Dream: A Social History of Housing in America ( New York: 1981); and Maureen Ogle, All the Modern Conveniences: American Household Plumbing, 1840—1890 ( Baltimore: 1996). Tobey allows household appliances to serve conservative ends before 1929, but they become agents of liberation after then.
5.
Harold L. Platt, The Electric City: Energy and the Growth of the Chicago Area, 1880—1930 (Chicago: 1991); Thomas P. Hughes, Networks of Power: Electrification in Western Society, 1880—1930 ( Baltimore: 1983); David Nye, Electrifying America: Social Meanings of a New Technology, 1880—1940 ( Cambridge, MA: 1992); and Mark H. Rose, Cities of Light and Heat: Domesticating Gas and Electricity in Urban America ( University Park, PA: 1995).
6.
Samuel P. Hays, Conservation and the Gospel of Efficiency: The Progressive Conservation Movement 1890—1920 (Cambridge, MA: 1959 ).
7.
For long-term trends, see Sam Schurr and Bruce Netschert, Energy in the American Economy, 1850—1975: An Economic Study of Its History and Prospects (Baltimore : 1960).
8.
Malcolm Willey and Stuart Rice, Communication Agencies and Social Life (New York: 1933), 210, quoted in Gregory J. Downey, Telegraph Messenger Boys: Labor, Technology, and Geography, 1850—1950 (New York: 2002), 127.
