and James R. Barrett, “Ethnic and Racial Fragmentation: Toward a Reinterpretation of a Local Labor Movement,” in Trotter, Lewis, and Hunter, African American Urban Experience, 287-309, esp. 297-300.
2.
Adolph Reed Jr., Stirrings in the Jug: Black Politics in the Post-Segregation Era (Minneapolis, 1999), 15-27, 46-46.
3.
For an important study of rural and urban support for the NAACP in its early years and the opposition that killed the rural efforts, see Steven A. Reich, “Soldiers of Democracy: Black Texans and the Fight for Citizenship, 1917-1921,”Journal of American History82, no. 4 (March 1996): 1478-1504.
4.
Stephen A. Vincent, Southern Seed, Northern Soil: African-American Farm Communities in the Midwest, 1765-1900 (Bloomington, 1999), 28-45.
5.
Steven Hahn, A Nation under Our Feet: Black Political Struggles in the Rural South from Slavery to Migration (Cambridge, MA, 2003).
6.
and Judith N. McArthur, Creating the New Woman: The Rise of Southern Women’s Progressive Culture in Texas, 1893-1918 (Urbana, 1998).
7.
and Glenda Elizabeth Gilmore, Gender & Jim Crow: Women and the Politics of White Supremacy in North Carolina, 1896-1920 (Chapel Hill, 1996).
8.
published first as “Migration from the Yazoo Mississippi Delta: Conversations with Rural African American Women Concerning Their Experiences in Urban Communities of the Midwest, 1950-2000,”Frontier: A Journal of Women’s History2, no. 1 (summer 2001): 126-144.
9.
and Andrew Kaye, “Roscoe Conkling Simmons and the Significance of African American Oratory,”The Historical Journal45, no. 1 (2002): 79-102.
10.
and Melissa Walker, All We Knew Was to Farm: Rural Women in the Upcountry South, 1919-1941 (Baltimore, 2000).
