Review Essay: Race and Ethnicity in Nineteenth-Century Mobile,Alabama

I have chosen to focus on the chapters dealing with the nineteenth century.

and “Conference Program” (Second Biennial Urban History Conference, Milwaukee, Wisc., October 7-10, 2004).

See also David R. Goldfield , Urban Growth in the Age of Sectionalism: Virginia, 1847-1861 (Baton Rouge, La., 1977), 3-3.

Larsen , The Urban South,1-1.

Goldfield , Urban Growth, xxiii-xxiii, xxiv-xxiv, xxv-xxv.

Ira Berlin and Herbert G. Gutman , “Natives and Immigrants, Free Men and Slaves: Urban Workingmen in the Antebellum American South,” American Historical Review 88 (1983): 1175-1200.

George Brown Tindall , Natives and Newcomers: Ethnic Southerners and Southern Ethnics (Athens, Ga., 1995), 17-17, 51-51.

Dennis C. Rousey , “Aliens in the WASP Nest: Ethnocultural Diversity in the Antebellum Urban South,” Journal of American History 79 (1992): 163-163.

David R. Goldfield , Cotton Fields and Skyscrapers: Southern City and Region, 1607-1980 (Baton Rouge, La., 1982), 6-8.

and C. Vann Woodward , Strange Career of Jim Crow, 3rd rev. ed. (New York, 1974).

Don H. Doyle , New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1990),71-71, 113-127.

James Alex Baggett , The Scalawags: Southern Dissenters in the Civil War and Reconstruction (Baton Rouge, La., 2003), 10-10, 12-12, 15-15.

Stephen Kantrowitz , Ben Tillman and the Reconstruction of White Supremacy (Chapel Hill, N.C., 2000), 3-3.

Peter Kolchin , A Sphinx in the Land: The Nineteenth Century South in Comparative Perspective (Baton Rouge, La., 2003).

Minnesota Population Center, Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS), University of Minnesota, http://www.ipums.umn.edu/usa/.

and Jane Dailey , “Deference and Violence in the Postbellum South: Manners and Massacres in Danville, Virginia,” Journal of Southern History 63 (August 1997): 553-590.

Bernard E. Powers Jr. , Black Charlestonians: A Social History, 1822-1885 (Fayetteville, Ark., 1994).

Brian D. Page , “‘An Unholy Alliance’: Irish-Americans and the Political Construction of Whiteness in Memphis, Tennessee, 1866-1879,” Left History 8 (2002): 77-96.