Review Essay: Machers and Schmoozers in American Cultural History

Robert Putnam , Bowling Alone: The Collapse and Revival of American Community (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2000), 93-93.

David Nasaw , Going Out: The Rise and Fall of Public Amusements (New York: Basic Books, 1993), 2-2.

Ibid, 1-2.

Nan Enstad has already noted that the working-class women who enjoyed cheap amusements were the same group of women who led major strikes in the early twentieth century. See Nan Enstad , Ladies of Labor, Girls of Adventure: Working Women, Popular Culture, and Labor Politics at the Turn of the Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1999).

Kathy Peiss , Cheap Amusements: Working Women and Leisure in Turn-of-the-Century New York (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1986). See also Enstad, Ladies of Leisure, Girls of Adventure.

Lawrence Levine describes the ambivalence of sacralizers who wanted to retreat from urban disorder but also used high culture to proselytize among the people; Lawrence Levine , Highbrow/Lowbrow: The Emergence of Cultural Hierarchy in America (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1988), 207-207.

Kevin Mumford , Interzones: Black/White Sex Districts in Chicago and New York in the Early Twentieth Century (New York: Columbia University Press, 1996).