Racial identity attitude has become a popular research topic. Primary purposes of this study were twofold: (a) assessing the effects of college environment on racial identity attitudes and then (b) the effects of environment and racial identity attitude on African American men’s body size preferences regarding women.Using weighted scale scores, the two university types differed only on racial identity attitudes. There was no difference, however, in men’s body size preferences for women when comparing university types and racial identity in combination.Suggestions regarding the instrument and limitations of this study are discussed.
Abrams, K. K., Allen, L., & Gray, J. J. (1993). Disordered eating attitudes and behaviors, psychological adjustment, and ethnic identity: A comparison of Black and White female college students. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 14, 49-57.
2.
Akan, G. E., & Grilo, C. M. (1995). Sociocultural influences on eating attitudes and behaviors, body image, and psychological functioning: A comparison of African-American, Asian-American, and Caucasian college women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 18, 181-187.
3.
Allen, W. R. (1987). Black colleges vs. White colleges. Change, 19, 28-34.
4.
Allen, W. R. (1992). The color of success: African-American college student outcomes at predominantly White and historically Black public colleges and universities. Harvard Educational Review, 62, 26-44.
5.
Altabe, M. (1998). Ethnicity and body image: Quantitative and qualitative analysis. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 23, 153-159.
6.
American Psychological Association. (1992). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. American Psychologist, 47, 1597-1611.
7.
Baldwin, J. A., & Bell, Y. R. (1985). The African Self-Consciousness Scale: An Africentric personality questionnaire. The Western Journal of Black Studies, 9, 61-68.
8.
Baldwin, J. A., Duncan, J. A., & Bell, Y. R. (1987). Assessment of African self-consciousness among Black students from two college environments. Journal of Black Psychology, 13(2), 27-41.
9.
Bessellieu, L. D. (1997). The meaning of weight and body image in African American women (eating disorders) (Doctoral dissertation, Auburn University, 1997). Dissertation Abstracts International, 58(3-B), 1520-1520.
10.
Browne, R. H. (1993). Relationship between eating disorder symptoms and racial identity and locus-of-controlamong African-Americanwomen (Doctoral dissertation, California School of Professional Psychology, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(5-B), 2742-2742.
11.
Burbach, H. J., & Thompson, M. A. (1971). Alienation among college freshmen: A comparison of Puerto Rican, Black, and White students. Journal of College Student Personnel, 12, 248-252.
12.
Carter, R. T., & Helms, J. E. (1988). The relationship between racial identity attitudes and social class. Journal of Negro Education, 57, 22-30.
13.
Carter, R. T., & Parks, E. E. (1996). Womanist identity and mental health. Journal of Counseling & Development, 74, 484-489.
14.
Centra, J. A. (1970). Black students at predominantly White colleges: A research description. Sociology of Education, 43, 325-339.
15.
Cheatham, H. E., Slaney, R. B., & Coleman, N. C. (1990). Institutional effects on the psychosocial development of African-American college students. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 37, 453-458.
16.
Cross, W. E. (1971). The Negro-to-Black conversion experience. Black World, 13-27.
17.
Cross, W. E., (1995). The psychology of nigrescence: Revising the Cross model. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.), Handbook of multicultural counseling (pp. 93-122). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
18.
D’Augelli, A. R., & Hershberger, S. L. (1993). African American undergraduates on a predominantly White campus: Academic factors, social networks, and campus climate. Journal of Negro Education, 62, 67-81.
19.
Davis, J. E. (1994). College in Black and White: Campus environment and academic achievement of African American males. Journal of Negro Education, 63, 620-633.
20.
DeSousa, D. J., & Kuh, G. D. (1996). Does institutional racial composition make a difference in what Black students gain from college?Journal of College Student Development, 37, 257-267.
21.
Dovidio, J. F., Gaertner, S. L., Niemann, Y. F., & Snider, K. (2001). Racial, ethnic, and cultural differences in responding to distinctiveness and discrimination on campus: Stigma and common group identity. Journal of Social Issues, 57(1), 167-188.
22.
Fischer, A. R., & Shaw, C. M. (1999). African American’s mental health and perceptions of racist discrimination: The moderating effects of racial socialization experiences and self-esteem. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 46(3), 395-407.
23.
Fischer, A. R., Tokar, D. M., & Serna, G. S. (1998). Validity and construct contamination of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale—Longform. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 45, 212-224.
24.
Fleming, J. (1984). Blacks in college: A comparative study of students’ success in Black and White institutions. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
25.
Flowers, L. A. (2002). The impact of college racial composition on African American students’ academic and social gains: Additional evidence. Journal of College Student Development, 43(3), 403-410.
26.
Fries-Britt, S. L., & Turner, B. (2001). Facing stereotypes: A case study of Black students on a White campus. Journal of College Student Development, 42(5), 420-429.
27.
Garber, C. F. (2000). The effects of brief exposure to non traditional media messages on female body image (Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas, 2000). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60, 3555-3555.
28.
Gibbs, J. T. (1973). Black students/White university: Different expectations. Personnel and Guidance Journal, 51, 463-469.
29.
Gluck, M. E., & Geliebter, A. (2002). Racial/ethnic differences in body image and eating behaviors. Eating Behaviors, 3, 143-151.
30.
Greenberg, D. R., & LaPorte, D. J. (1996). Racial differences in body type preferences of men for women. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 19, 275-278.
31.
Hansen, C. E., Harman, J. P., Campbell, R. L., Vaughan, S. A., Bennett, C. D., & Covington, A. (2000, April). Racial Identity Attitude Scale social desirability bias. Poster session presented at annual meeting of the Southwestern Psychological Association, New Orleans, LA.
32.
Harper, F. D. (1969). Black student revolt on the White campus. Journal of College Student Personnel, 9, 291-295.
33.
Harris, M. B., Walters, L. C., & Waschull, S. (1991). Gender and ethnic differences in obesityrelated behaviors and attitudes in a college sample. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 21, 1545-1566.
34.
Harris, S. M. (1995). Family, self, and sociocultural contributions to body-image attitudes of African-American women. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 19, 129-145.
35.
Helms, J. E. (1989). Considering some methodological issues in racial identity counseling research. The Counseling Psychologist, 17, 227-251.
36.
Helms, J. E. (1995). An update of Helms’ White and people of color racial identity models. In J. G. Ponterotto, J. M. Casas, L. A. Suzuki, & C. M. Alexander (Eds.) Handbook of multicultural counseling, (pp. 181-198). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
37.
Helms, J. E., & Carter, R. T. (1991). Relationships of White and Black racial identity attitudes and demographic similarity to counselor preferences. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 446-457.
38.
Helms, J. E., & Parham, T. A. (1996). The Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Handbook of tests and measurements for Black populations (pp. 167-172). Hampton, VA: Cobb & Henry.
39.
Hughes, M. S. (1987). Black students’participation in higher education. Journal of College Student Personnel, 28, 532-545.
40.
Hurtado, S. (1992). The campus racial climate. Journal of Higher Education, 63(5), 539-569.
41.
Jackson, B. W. (1976). Black identity development theory. Unpublished manuscript.
42.
Jackson, L. A., & McGill, O. D. (1996). Body type preferences and body characteristics associated with attractive and unattractive bodies by African Americans and Anglo Americans. Sex Roles, 35, 295-307.
43.
Jeter, R. F. (1995). Racial socialization: The effectiveness of the transmission of messages about race by Black parents to their college-aged children (Doctoral dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1995). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(5-A), 1711.
44.
Lemon, R. L., & Waehler, C. A. (1996). A test of stability and construct validity of the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale, Form B (RIAS-B) and the White Racial Identity Attitude Scale (WRIAS). Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development, 29, 77-85.
45.
Loo, C. M., & Rolison, G. (1986). Alienation of ethnic minority students at a predominantly White university. Journal of Higher Education, 57, 58-77.
46.
Lopez, E., Garry, G., & Gray, A. (1995). Body image of Latinas compared to body image of non-Latina White women. Health Values, 19, 3-10.
47.
Motley, G. K. (1998). Factors related to personal and racial identity development of African American adolescents (Doctoral dissertation, University of Missouri-Saint Louis, 1998). Dissertation Abstracts International, 59(10-B), 5601-5601.
48.
Nettles, M. T. (1988). Toward Black undergraduate student equality in American higher education. Westport, CT: Greenwood.
49.
Neville, H. A., & Lily, R. L. (2000). The relationship between racial identity cluster profiles and psychological distress among African American college students. Journal of Multicultural Counseling & Development, 28, 194-207.
50.
Nora, A., & Cabrera, A. F. (1996). The role of perceptions of prejudice and discrimination on the adjustment of minority students to college. Journal of Higher Education, 67, 119-148.
51.
Parham, T. A. (1989). Cycles of psychological nigrescence. The Counseling Psychologist, 17,187-226.
52.
Parham, T. A., & Helms, J. E. (1981). The influence of Black students’racial identity attitudes on preferences for counselor’s race. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 28, 250-257.
53.
Parham, T. A., & Helms, J. E. (1985). Attitudes of racial identity and self-esteem of Black students: An exploratory investigation. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 143-146.
54.
Parham, T. A., & Williams, P. T. (1993). The relationship of demographic and background factors to racial identity attitudes. Journal of Black Psychology, 19, 7-24.
55.
Pascarella, E., Edison, M., Nora, A., Hagedorn, L. S., & Terenzini. (1996). Additional evidence on the cognitive effects of college racial composition: A research note. Journal of College Student Development, 37, 494-501.
56.
Plummer, D. L. (1995). Patterns of racial identity development of African American adolescent males and females. Journal of Black Psychology, 21, 168-180.
57.
Pomales, J., Claiborn, C. D., & LaFromboise, T. D. (1986). Effects of Black students’racial identity on perceptions of White counselors varying in cultural sensitivity. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 33, 57-61.
58.
Ponterotto, J. G., & Wise, S. L. (1987). Construct validity study of the Racial Identity Attitude Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 218-223.
59.
Powell, A. D., & Kahn, A. S. (1995). Racial differences in women’s desires to be thin. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 17, 191-195.
60.
Pumariega, A. J. (1986). Acculturation and eating attitudes in adolescent girls: A comparative and correlational study. Journal of the American Academy of Child Psychiatry, 25, 276-279.
61.
Rosen, E. F., Brown, A., Braden, R. A., Dorsett, H. W., Franklin, D. N., Garlington, R. A., et al. (1993). African-American males prefer a larger female body silhouette than do Whites. Bulletin of the Psychonomic Society, 31, 599-601.
62.
Spencer, M. B. (1982). Personal and group identity of Black children: An alternative synthesis. Genetic Psychology Monographs, 106, 59-84.
63.
Stunkard, A. J., Sorensen, T., & Schulsinger, F. (1983). Use of the Danish Adoption Register for the study of obesity and thinness. In S. S. Kety, L. P. Rowland, R. L. Sidman, &S.W. Matthysse (Eds.), Genetics of Neurological and Psychiatric Disorders (pp. 115-120). New York: Raven.
64.
Suen, H. K. (1983). Alienation and attrition of Black college students on a predominantly White campus. Journal of College Student Personnel, 24, 117-121.
65.
Taylor, C. A. (1986). Black students on predominantly White college campuses in the 1980s. Journal of College Student Personnel, 27, 196-202.
66.
Taylor, C. M., & Howard-Hamilton, M. F. (1995). Student involvement and racial identity attitudes among African American males. Journal of College Student Development, 36, 330-336.
67.
Thomas, A. J., & Speight, S. L. (1999). Racial identity and racial socialization attitudes of African American parents. Journal of Black Psychology, 25(2), 152-170.
68.
Thomas, C. (1971). Boys no more. Beverly Hills, CA: Glencoe.
69.
Thompson, J. K., & Altabe, M. N. (1991). Psychometric qualities of the figure rating scale. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 10(5), 615-619.
70.
Thompson, S. H., Corwin, S. J., & Sargent, R. G. (1997). Ideal body size beliefs and weight concerns of fourth-grade children. International Journal of Eating Disorders, 21, 279-284.
71.
Thompson, S. H., Sargent, R. G., & Kemper, K. A. (1996). Black and White adolescent males’ perceptions of ideal body size. Sex Roles, 34, 391-406.
72.
Thompson, V. L. S. (1994). Socialization to race and its relationship to racial identification among African Americans. Journal of Black Psychology, 20(2), 175-188.
73.
Towler, J. E. (1993). Theoretical models of compulsive overeating behavior in women and their applicability to African-American women (Doctoral dissertation, University of Michigan, 1993). Dissertation Abstracts International, 54(4-B), 2227-2227.
74.
Vandiver, B. J., Cross, W. E., Jr., Worrell, F. C., & Fhagen-Smith, P. E. (2002). Validating the Cross Racial Identity Scale. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 49(1), 71-85.
75.
Williams, B. A. (1994). An investigation of eating disorder symptoms in African-American females attending predominantly Black and White colleges (Doctoral dissertation, University of Texas at Austin, 1994). Dissertation Abstracts International, 56(3-B), 1715-1715.
76.
Williams, R. L. (1981). The collective Black mind. St. Louis, MO: Williams & Associates.
77.
Yanico, B. J., Swanson, J. L., & Tokar, D. M. (1994). A psychometric investigation of the Black Racial Identity Attitude Scale-Form B. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 44, 218-234.
