The authors investigated the relationships among independent and interdependent self-construals (i.e., self-conceptualizations), dimensions of individualism and collectivism, and aspects of harmony control (i.e., the degree to which individuals are flexible in recognizing that their personal power stems from spiritual, social, and contextual forces) in a sample of 240 African American community college students. Results revealed that independent and interdependent self-construals and dimensions of individualism and collectivism were differentially related to various harmony control dimensions. Implications of the findings are discussed.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Ahluwalia, M. K. (2002). The selfways of Indian-American women. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, New York University.
2.
Asante, M. K. (1996). The African American mode of transcendence. In G-H. Jennings (Ed.), Passages beyond the gate: A Jungian approach to understanding the nature of American psychology at the dawn of the new millennium (pp. 295-301). Needham Heights, MA: Simon & Schuster.
3.
Chia, R. C., Cheng, B. S., & Chuang, C. J. (1999). Differentiation in the source of internal control for Chinese. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality, 13, 565-578.
4.
Constantine, M. G., Lewis, E. L., Conner, L. C., & Sanchez, D. (2000). Addressing spiritual and religious issues in counseling African Americans: Implications for counselor training and practice. Counseling and Values, 45, 28-38.
5.
Constantine, M. G., Wilton, L., Gainor, K. A., & Lewis, E. L. (2002). Religious participation, spirituality, and coping among African American college students. Journal of College Student Development, 43, 605-613.
6.
Ebigbo, P. O., Oluka, J., Ezenwa, M., Obidigbo, G., & Okwaraji, E. (1997). Harmony restoration therapy—An African contribution to psychotherapy. Ife Psychologia: An International Journal, 5, 51-70.
7.
Ellis, J. B., & Wittenbaum, G. M. (2000). Relationships between self-construal and verbal promotion. Communication Research, 27, 704-722.
8.
Gardner, W. L., Gabriel, S., & Lee, A. Y. (1999). “I” value freedom but “we” value relationships: Self-construal priming mirrors cultural differences in judgment. Psychological Science, 10, 321-326.
9.
Haase, R. F., & Ellis, M. V. (1987). Multivariate analysis of variance. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 34, 404-413.
10.
Hui, C. H. (1988). Measurement of individualism-collectivism. Journal of Research in Personality, 22, 17-36.
11.
Liem, R., Lim, B. A., & Liem, J. H. (2000). Acculturation and emotion among Asian Americans. Cultural Diversity & Ethnic Minority Psychology, 6, 13-31.
12.
Lunneborg, C. E., & Abbott, R. D. (1983). Elementary multivariate analysis for the behavioral sciences. New York: North-Holland.
13.
Lutz, J. G., & Eckert, T. L. (1994). The relationship between canonical correlation analysis and multivariate multiple regression. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 54, 666-675.
14.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the self: Implications for cognition, emotion, and motivation. Psychological Review, 98, 224-253.
15.
Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). A collective fear of the collective: Implications for selves and theories of selves. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 568-579.
16.
Markus, H. R., Mullally, P. R., & Kitayama, S. (1997). Selfways: Diversity in modes of cultural participation. In U. Neisser & D. A. Jopling (Eds.), The conceptual self in context: Culture, experience, self-understanding (pp. 13-61). New York: Cambridge University Press.
17.
Matsumoto, D. (1999). Culture and self: An empirical assessment of Markus and Kitayama’s theory of independent and interdependent self-construals. Asian Journal of Social Psychology, 2, 289-310.
18.
Morling, B., & Fiske, S. T. (1999). Defining and measuring harmony control. Journal of Research in Personality, 33, 379-414.
19.
Morling, B., Kitayama, S., & Miyamoto, Y. (2002). Cultural practices emphasize influence in the United States and adjustment in Japan. Personality & Social Psychology Bulletin, 28, 311-323.
20.
Okazaki, S. (2000). Asian American and White American differences on affective distress symptoms: Do symptom reports differ across reporting methods? Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31, 603-625.
21.
Sato, T., & Cameron, J. E. (1999). The relationship between collective self-esteem and self-construal in Japan and Canada. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 426-435.
22.
Singelis, T. M. (1994). The measurement of independent and interdependent self-construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20, 580-591.
23.
Singelis, T. M., & Sharkey, W. F. (1995). Culture, self-construal, and embarrassability. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 26, 622-644.
24.
Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and vertical dimensions of individualism and collectivism: A theoretical and measurement refinement. Cross-Cultural Research: The Journal of Comparative Social Science, 29, 240-275.
25.
Stevens, J. (1986). Applied multivariate statistics for the social sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.
26.
Toldson, I. L., & Toldson, I. A. (2001). Biomedical ethics: An African-centered psychological perspective. Journal of Black Psychology, 27, 401-423.
27.
Triandis, H. C. (1994). Culture and social behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill.
28.
Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism and collectivism. Boulder, CO: Westview.
29.
Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 74, 118-128.
30.
Utsey, S. O., Adams, E. P., & Bolden, M. (2000). Development and initial validation of the Africultural Coping Systems Inventory. Journal of Black Psychology, 26, 194-215.
