This article argues that the basic unit for much of public organization analysis is not the organization as is the convention in organization and management theory. Rather, it is an interorganizational unit—the policy system-which centers on a public policy domain.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AKINBODE, I. A. and R. C. CLARK (1976) " A framework for analyzing inter-organizational relations."Human Relations29, 2: 101-114.
2.
ALDRICH, H. (1976) "Organization sets, action sets, and networks: making the most of simplicity." Unpublished paper.
3.
ALDRICH, H. (1973) "Problems of interorganizational coordination in a loosely joined system of organizations." Interorganizational Working Paper No. 3. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University.
4.
BARTON, A. H. (1979) "A diagnosis of bureaucratic maladies."Amer. Behavioral Sci.22, 5: 483-492.
5.
BENSON, J. K. (1975) "The interorganizational network as a political economy."Admin. Sci. Q.20, 2: 229-249.
6.
BERNE, R. and C. H. LEVINE (1977) "Interorganizational analysis: theoretical opportunity or technological fix." Presented at the American Society for Public Administration annual meeting, Atlanta.
7.
BISH, R. L. (1971) The Public Economy of Metropolitan Areas. Chicago: Markham.
8.
BOWER, J. L. (1978" "Effective public management," in F. S. Lane (ed.) Current Issues in Public Administration. New York: St. Martin's Press.
9.
BUCHANAN, B. 11(1975) "Red tape and the service ethic."Admin. and Society6, 4: 423-444.
10.
CATER, D. (1964) Power in Washington. New York: Vintage.
11.
COOK, K. S. (1977) "Exchange and power in networks of interorganizational relations."Soc. Q.18, 1: 62-82.
12.
CROZIER, M. and J. C. THOENIG (1976) "The regulation of complex systems."Admin. Sci. Q.21, 4: 547-570.
13.
DAHL, R. A. and C. E. LINDBLOM (1953) Politics, Economics, and Welfare. New York: Harper & Row.
14.
DOWNS, G. W., Jr. (1976) Bureaucracy, Innovation, and Public Policy. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
15.
EVAN, W. M. (1972) "The organization set: toward a theory of interorganizational relations," in M. B. Brinkerhoff and P. R. Kunz (eds.) Complex Organizations and Their Environments. Dubuque, IA: William C. Brown.
16.
FARKAS, S. (1971) Urban Lobbying. New York: New York Univ. Press.
17.
FENN, D. H., Jr. (1979) "Finding where the power lies in government."Harvard Business Rev.57: 144-153.
18.
FIORINA, M. P. (1977) "The case of the vanishing marginals: the bureaucracy did it."Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.71, 1: 117-181.
19.
FRIEND, J. K. , J. M. POWER, and C.J.L. YEWLETT (1974) Public Planning: The Intercorporate Dimension. London: Tavistock.
20.
FRITSCHLER, A. L. (1969) Smoking and Politics. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
21.
GOLEMBIEWSKI, R. T. (1969) "Organization development in public agencies: perspectives on theory and practice."Public Admin. Rev.29, 4: 367-377.
22.
HECLO, H. (1978) "Issue networks and the executive establishment," in A. King (ed.) The New American Political System. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
23.
HECLO, H. (1977) A Government of Strangers: Executive Politics in Washington. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
24.
KATZ, D. and R. L. KAHN (1966) The Social Psychology of Organizations. New York: John Wiley.
25.
KAUFMAN, H. (1960) The Forest Ranger. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
26.
KING, A. (1978) "The American polity in the late 1970s: building coalitions in the sand," in A. King (ed.) The New American Political System. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute.
27.
LEHMAN, E. W. (1975) Coordinating Health Care: Explorations in Interorganizational Relations. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
28.
MALIK, F. V. (1971) "Management improvement in the federal government."Business Horizons14, 4: 11-17.
29.
MEYER, M. W. (1979) Change in Public Bureaucracies. London: Cambridge Univ. Press.
30.
MILWARD, H. BRINTON (1980) "Policy entrepreneurship and bureaucratic demand creation," in H. M. Ingram and D. E. Mann (eds.) Why Policies Succeed or Fail. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.
31.
MILWARD, H. BRINTON and G. L. WAMSLEY (1979) "Policy networks: key concept at a critical juncture." Presented at the 1979 Midwest Political Science Association meeting, Chicago.
32.
MURRAY, M. A. (1975) "Comparing public and private management: an exploratory essay."Public Admin. Rev.35, 4: 364-371.
33.
RAINEY, H. G. (1979) "Perceptions of incentives in business and government: implications for civil service reform."Public Admin. Rev.39, 5: 440-448.
34.
RAINEY, H. G. , R. W. BACKOFF, and C. H. LEVINE (1976) "Comparing public and private organizations."Public Admin. Rev.36, 2: 233-244.
35.
RIPLEY, R. B. and G. A. FRANKLIN (1976) Congress, The Bureaucracy, and Public Policy. Homewood, IL: Dorsey Press.
36.
SCHAEFER, G. F. (1974) "A general systems approach to public policy analysis."Policy and Politics2, 4: 331-346.
37.
SCHON, D. (1971) Beyond the Stable State. New York: Random House.
38.
SIFFIN, W. J. (1963) "Business administration does not equal public administration."Business Horizons5: 69-76.
39.
SIMON, H. , D. SMITHBURG, and V. THOMPSON (1950) Public Administration. New York: Alfred A. Knopf.
40.
THOMPSON, D.J.C. (1977) "The systems model of policy-making and the national health service."Political Studies24, 3: 397-403.
41.
THOMPSON, J. W. (1967) Organizations in Action. New York: McGraw-Hill.
42.
VAN DE VEN, A. , D. C. EMMETT, and R. KOENIG, Jr. (1974) "Frameworks for interorganizational analysis," in A. R. Negandhi (ed.) Organizational Theory and Interorganizational Analysis. Comparative Administration Research Institute Series No. 7. Kent, OH: Kent State Univ. Press.
43.
VICKERS, G. (1965) The Art of Judgment. London: Methuen.
44.
WAMSLEY, G. L. and M. N. ZALD (1973) The Political Economy of Public Organizations. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
45.
WALKER, J. L. (1974) "The diffusion of knowledge and policy change: toward a theory of agenda setting." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Association.
46.
WARREN, R. L. , S. M. ROSE, and A. F. BERGUNDER (1974) The Structure of Urban Reform. Lexington, MA: D. C. Heath.
47.
WARWICK, D. P. (1975) A Theory of Public Bureaucracy. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Univ. Press.
48.
WEICK, K. E. (1976) "Educational organizations as loosely coupled systems."Admin. Sci. Q.32, 2: 1-19.
49.
YUCHTMAN, E. and S. E. SEASHORE (1967) "A system resource approach to organizational effectiveness."Amer. Soc. Rev.36, 6: 891-903.
