This paper examines two critical aspects of the relationship between part-time policy boards andfull-time professional staff: (1) the views of each group toward the proper role of staff and (2) the respective influence of commissioners and staff. The results from a study offour land-use regulatory agencies suggest that the amount of congruence between the two groups on substantive policy issues is the dominant factor affecting their relationship and that commissioners are quite able to establish the general policy orientation of their institutions.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
ALLISON, G. (1971) The Essence of Decision. Boston: Little, Brown.
2.
ALTSHULER, A. (1965) A Land-Use Plan for St. Paul. ICP 90. Indianapolis: Bobbs Merrill.
3.
BOSCHKEN, H. (1978) "Interorganizational consideration in coastal management: the 1976 California legislative experience,"Coastal Zone Management J.4: 47-64.
4.
BOSS, M. AND H. ZEIGLER (1977) "Experts and representatives: comparative basis of influence in education policy-making."Western Pol. Q.30 (June): 255-262.
5.
BOYD, W. (1976) "The public, the professionals, and educational policy making: who governs?"Teachers College Record77 (May): 539-577.
6.
BOYD, W. (1975) "School board-administrative staff relationships." pp. 102-129 in Peter Cistone (ed.) Understanding School Boards. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
7.
BOYER, W. (1964) Bureaucracy on Trial. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
8.
CLAVEL, P. (1968) "Planners and citizen boards: some applications of social theory to the problem of plan implementation."J. of the Amer. Institute of Planners May: 130-139.
9.
COSTANTINI, E. and K. HANF (1973) The environmental impulse and its competitors: attitudes, interests, and institutions at Lake Tahoe. Research Report 29. Davis, CA: Institute of Governmental Affairs.
10.
DAHL R. (1960) Who Governs?New Haven, CT: Yale Univ. Press.
11.
DAVIS, J. (1974) An Introduction to Public Administration. New York: Macmillan.
12.
DeGROVE, J. (1960) The Florida Control District. ICP 58. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
13.
DOUGLAS, P. and J. PETRILLO (1976) "California's coast: the struggle today-a plan for tomorrow."Florida State University Law Rev.4 (April): 177-231.
14.
DOWNS, A. (1967) Inside Bureaucracy. Boston: Little, Brown.
15.
FRIEDMAN, R. (1971) Professionalism: Expertise and Policy Making. New York: General Learning Press.
16.
GAMSON, W. (1968) Power and Discontent. Homewood IL: Dorsey.
17.
GROSS, N. , W. MASON, and A. McEACHERN (1958) Explorations in Role Analysis: Studies of the School Superintendency Role. New York: Wiley.
18.
HARE, A. P. (1976) Handbook of Small Group Research. New York: Macmillan.
19.
HEALY, R. (1976) Land Use and the States. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Univ. Press.
20.
HEALY, R. , J. BANTA, J. CLARK, and W. DUDDLESTON (1978) Protecting the Golden Shore. Washington, DC: Conservation Foundation.
21.
HEDLUND, R. D. and H. P. FRIESEMA (1972) "Representatives' perceptions of constituent opinions."J. of Politics34: 730-740.
22.
KAMMERER, G. , C. FARRIS, J. DeGROVE, and A. CLUBOK (1962) City managers in politics. University of Florida Monographs 13. Gainsville: Univ. of Florida Press.
23.
KERR, N. (1964) "The school board as an agency of legitimation."Sociology of Education38 (Fall): 39-59.
24.
LOVERIDGE, R. (1971) City Managers in Legislative Politics. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
25.
LOVERIDGE, R. (1968) "The city manager in legislative politics."Polity1 (Winter): 213-236.
26.
MANLEY, J. (1970) The Politics of Finance: The House Committee on Ways and Means. Boston: Little, Brown.
27.
MARCH, J. and H. SIMON (1958) Organizations. New York: Wiley.
28.
MARSHALL, D. R. (1971) The Politics of Participation in Poverty. Berkeley: Univ. of California Press.
29.
MAZMANIAN D. and P. SABATIER (1980) "A multivariate model of public policy making."Amer. J. of Pol. Sci. (September).
30.
MEIER, K. and L. NIGRO (1975) "Representative bureaucracy and policy preferences: a study in the attitudes of federal executives." Presented at the annual meeting of the American Political Science Assn., San Francisco.
31.
RABINOVITZ, F. (1969) City Politics and Planning. Chicago: Aldine.
32.
REEDY, G. (1970) The Twilight of the Presidency. New York: Mentor.
33.
ROSENER, J. (1978) Citizen Participation in an Administrative State. Ph.D. dissertation, Claremont Graduate School.
34.
ROSENTRAUB, M. and R. WARREN (1976) "Information utilization and self-evaluating capacities for coastal zone management agencies."Coastal Zone Management J.2: 193-222.
35.
ROURKE, F. (1972) Bureaucracy, Politics and Public Policy. Boston: Little, Brown.
36.
SABATIER P. (1978a) The Politics of Planning: The Development of the California Coastal Plan. Unpublished manuscript, University of California, Davis.
37.
SABATIER P. (1978b) "The Acquisition and Utilization of Technical Information by Administrative Agencies."Administrative Science Q.23 (September): 396-417.
38.
SABATIER P. (1977) "State Review of Local Land-Use Decisions: The California Coastal Commissions."Coastal Zone Management J.3: 255-290.
39.
SABATIER P. and D. MAZMANIAN (1979) Can regulation ever work? the implementation of the 1972 California coastal initiative. Final report for N.S.F. Grant ENV77-20077.
40.
SCHATTSCHNEIDER, E. E. (1960) The Semi-Sovereign People. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston.
41.
SHARKANSKY, I. (1972) Public Administration. Chicago: Rand McNally.
42.
SHARKANSKY, I. and R. Lineberry (1971). Urban Politics and Public Policy. New York: Harper & Row.
43.
SCHIFFMAN, I. (1975) The Limits of the Local Planning Commission. Davis, CA: Institute of Governmental Affairs.
44.
SIMON, H. , D. SMITHBURG and V. THOMPSON(1958) Public Administration. New York: Knopf.
45.
SMITH, L. (1959) "Laymen as regulatory commissioners,"Public Utilities Fortnightly63 (May): 750-759.
46.
VERBA, S. (1961) Small Groups and Political Behavior. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
47.
WILLIAMS, O. and C. ADRIAN (1963) Four Cities. Philadelphia: Univ. of Pennsylvania Press.
48.
ZALD, M. (1969) "The power and functions of boards of directors: a theoretical synthesis."Amer. J. of Sociology75 (July): 97-111.
49.
ZEIGLER, L. H. and M. K. JENNINGS (1974) Governing American Schools. North Scituate, MA: Duxbury.
