Goals and Means

Abstract

This article explores the dynamic interaction between goals and means in public policy. In particular, it identifies the inability of most public programs to develop workable adjustments between goals and means as a major source offailure in public policy. The tension between goals and means is seen as an integral, potentially constructive aspect of the policy process which, however, needs to be anticipated and incorporated into this process. Specification is defined as a mechanism for creating a viable fit between goals and means. Its role within the policy process is examined briefly in two case studies in the implementation of educational policy. Observations drawnfrom this comparison of the uses of specification in practice are used to present a model of specification as it operates within the effective policy process.

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