The recent constitutional crisis in the United States and the remedial process related thereto points towarda renewed interest in the value offormal norms for maintaining accountability in the use of secrecy in politics and administration. Since formal norms require effective forms of mediation to establish their operational value, this paper inquires into the relation between mediating processes and constitutional as well as bureaucratic norms. The cleavage in the principles of the polity caused by the cooptation process in domestic affairs and the requirements of national security are examined as they affect the responsible use of secrecy.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
Almond, G. and S. Verba (1963) The Civic Culture: Political Attitudes in Five Nations. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
2.
Black, H. (1971) New York Times Co. vs. U.S., 91 Supreme Court, 2140.
3.
Borosage, R. L. and J. Marks [eds.] (1976) The CIA File. New York: Grossman.
4.
Boudin, L.B. (1974) "The Ellsberg case: citizen disclosure," in T. M. Franck and E. Weisband (eds.) Secrecy and Foreign Policy. London: Oxford Univ. Press.
5.
Cater, D. (1959) The Fourth Branch of Government. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.
6.
Christoph, J.B. (1975) "A comparative view: administrative secrecy in Britain." Public Admin. Rev. 35 (January/February): 23-32.
7.
Commager, H.S. (1976) " 'Intelligence': the Constitution betrayed." New York Rev. of Books23 (September 30): 32 passim.
8.
Cooke, J. E. [ed.] (1961) The Federalist. Cleveland: Meridian .
9.
Cox, A.M. (1975) The Myths of National Security: The Peril of Secret Government. Boston: Beacon.
10.
Dean, J.W. (1976) "My decision to testify against Richard Nixon." New York Magazine9 (September 13): 37 passim.
11.
Department of Defense (1971) The Pentagon Papers: History of United States Decisionmaking on Vietnam. The Senator Gravel Edition, 4 vols. Boston: Beacon.
12.
Dewey, J. (1927) The Public and Its Problems. Chicago: Swallow.
13.
Edelman, M. (1964) The Symbolic Uses of Politics. Urbana: Univ. of Illinois Press.
14.
Ellsberg, D. (1972) "The quagmire myth and the stalemate machine," pp. 42-135 in Papers on the War. New York: Simon & Schuster.
15.
Franck, T. M. and E. Weisband [eds.] (1974) Secrecy and Foreign Policy . London: Oxford Univ. Press.
16.
Friedrich, C. J. [ed.] (1949) The Philosophy of Kant. New York: Modern Library.
17.
Galnoor, I. (1975) "Government secrecy: exchanges, intermediaries and middle-men." Public Admin. Rev. 35 (January/ February): 32-42.
18.
Gurfein, M.L. (1971) U. S. vs. New York Times, 328 F. Supp. 324.
19.
Halperin, M. (1974) Bureaucratic Politics and Foreign Policy. Washington, DC: Brookings.
20.
Hassner, P. (1972) "Immanuel Kant," in L. Strauss and J. Cropsey (eds.) History of Political Philosophy. Chicago: Rand McNally.
21.
Henkin, L. (1972) Foreign Affairs and the Constitution. Mineola: Foundation Press.
22.
Hiebert, R. E. [ed.] (1966) The Press in Washington. New York: Dodd & Mead.
23.
Jefferson, T. (1816) "Letter to Samuel Kercheval," in K. Dolbeare (ed.) Directions in American Political Thought. New York: John Wiley, 1969.
24.
Kahin, G.M. (1975) " 'The Pentagon Papers': a critical evaluation ." Amer. Pol. Sci. Rev.69 (June): 675-684.
25.
Kant, I. (1785) Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. [trans. J. H. Paton]. New York: Barnes & Noble.
26.
Katznelson, I. and M. Kasselman (1975) The Politics of Power. New York : Harcourt Brace.
27.
Koch, A. and W. Peden [eds.] (1944) The Life and Selected Writings of Jefferson . New York: Modern Library.
28.
Ladd, B. (1968) Crisis in Credibility. New York : New American Library.
29.
Lippmann, W. (1955) The Public Philosophy. New York : Mentor.
30.
Machiavelli, N. (1513) The Prince. [trans. L. Ricci, and revised by E.R.P. Vincent]. New York: Modern Library .
31.
MacPherson, C.B. (1973) Democratic Theory: Essays in Retrieval. Oxford: Clarendon.
32.
Marcuse, H. (1964) One-Dimensional ManBostonBeacon.
33.
Mead, G.H. (1934) Mind, Self and Society. ChicagoUniv. of Chicago Press.
34.
Meinecke, F. (1925) Machiavellism [trans. D Scott] New Haven, CT: Yale Univ Press, 1957.
35.
Montesquieu (1734) Considerations on the Causes of the Greatness of the Romans and Their Decline [trans D Lowenthal]. Ithaca, NY. Cornell Univ Press , 1965
36.
Nadel, M.V. (1975) "Corporate secrecy and political accountability " Public Admin Rev35 (January/February) 14-23
37.
Pangle, T.L. (1973) Montesquieu's Philosophy of Liberalism. A Commentary on the Spirit of the Laws. ChicagoUniv. of Chicago Press.
38.
Ransom, H.H. (1963) Can American Democracy Survive the Cold War? New YorkDoubleday
39.
Relyea, H.C. (1975) "Opening government to public scrutiny a decade of federal efforts" Public Admin Rev35 (January/February). 3-10.
40.
Rourke, F. (1961) Secrecy and Publicity: Dilemmas of DemocracyBaltimore, MDJohns Hopkins Press
41.
--- ( 1957) "Secrecy in American bureaucracy " Pol Sci. Q1972 (December). 540-564.
42.
Safire, W. (1975) Before the FallNew York: Doubleday
43.
Saloschin, R.L. (1975) "The freedom of information act: a governmental perspective" Public Admin Rev. 35 (January/February) 10-14.
44.
Sampson, A. (1974) "Secrecy, news management and the British press ," in T. M. Franck and E. Wiesband (eds ) Secrecy and Foreign Policy . London: Oxford Univ. Press.
45.
Shils, E. (1956) The Torment of SecrecyGlencoe . Free Press
46.
Small, W.J. (1972) Political Power and the Press. New YorkNorton.
47.
Washington Post (1974) The Presidential Transcripts. New York. Dell.
48.
White, M. (1957) Social Thought in America: The Revolt Against Formalism . Boston. Beacon.
49.
Wilsensky, H.L. (1967) Organizational Intelligence. Knowledge and Policy in Government and IndustryNew York. Basic Books
50.
Wise, D. (1976) "Covert operations abroad. an overview," in R. L. Borosage and J Marks, The CIA File. New York. Grossman
51.
--- ( 1973) The Politics of Lying Government Deception, Secrecy, and Power. New York: Vintage.
52.
--- and T.B. Ross (1964) The Invisible Government. New York. Random House.
53.
Wood, N. [ed.] (1965) Machiavelli's, The Art of War [trans. E. Farneworth]. Indianapolis: Bobbs-Merrill.
