Academia, the military, and the family are greedy institutions that make total claims on women while vying for their unwavering commitment. This comparative analysis examines the sacrifices that women in the military and academe make in the quest toward promotion and tenure, offers solutions that might prove to be mutually beneficial to all involved, and points to the potential implications for public management and future research.
Acker, S., & Feuerverger, G. (1996). Doing good and feeling bad: The work of women university teachers. Cambridge Journal of Education, 26, 401-422.
2.
Acker, S., & Armenti, C. (2004). Sleepless in academia. Gender and Education, 16(1), 3-24.
3.
American Association of University Professors (AAUP). (2006). Faculty gender equity indicators. M.S. West and J.W. Curtis. http://www.aaup.org/AAUP/pubsres/research/geneq2006.htm .
4.
Armenti, C. (2004a). Gender as a barrier for women with children in academe. The Canadian Journal of Higher Education, 34(1), 1-26.
5.
Armenti, C. (2004b). May babies and post tenure babies: Maternal decisions of women professors. The Review of Higher Education, 27(2), 211-231.
6.
Armenti, C. (2004c). Women faculty seeking tenure and parenthood: Lessons from previous generations. Cambridge Journal of Education , 34(1), 65-83.
7.
Baldwin, J.N. (1996). Female promotions in male-dominated organizations: The case of the United States military. The Journal of Politics , 58(4), 1184-1197.
8.
Belenky, M.F., Clinchy, B.M., Goldberger, N.R., & Tartule, J.M. (1986). Women's ways of knowing: The development of self, voice, and mind. New York: Basic Books.
9.
Bellas, M.L., Richey, P., & Parmer, P. (2001). Gender differences in the salary growth rates of university faculty: An exploratory study. Sociological Perspectives, 44(2), 163-187.
10.
Bensimon, E.M., & Marshall, C. (2003). Like it or not: Feminist critical policy analysis matters. The Journal of Higher Education, 74(3), 337-349.
11.
Bernard, J. (1964). Academic women. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
12.
Blalock, H.M. (1967). Toward a theory of minority group relations. New York: John Wiley.
13.
Bryson, J.M. (2004). Strategic planning for public and nonprofit organizations (3rd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
14.
Bucher, M.A. (1999). The impact of pregnancy on U.S. army readiness (AU/ACSC/016/1999-04). Maxwell Air Force Base, ALAir Command and Staff College, Air University Press.
15.
Burrell, L., Briley Durand, D., & Fortado, J. (2003). Military community integration and its effects on well-being and retention. Armed Forces and Society, 30(1), 7-24.
16.
Coser, L.A. (1974). Greedy institutions. Patterns of undivided commitment . New York: Free Press.
17.
Coser, L.A., & Laub Coser, R. (1974). The housewife and her "greedy family." In Greedy Institutions. Patterns of Undivided Commitment . New York: Free Press.
18.
Currie, J., Harris, P., & Thiele, B. (2000). Sacrifices in greedy universities: Are they gendered ? Gender and Education, 12(3), 269-291.
19.
Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services. (2003). Status report. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel Readiness.
20.
Defense Advisory Committee on Women in the Services. (2005). Annual report on the status of female members of the armed forces, FY 2002-2005. Washington, DC: Defense Data Manpower Center and Services' Human Resource Staffs and Commands .
Department of Defense. (1999). Career progression of minority and women officers. Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness.
23.
Department of Defense. (2004). Report on the status of female members of the armed services. Report to Congress . Washington, DC: Office of the Under Secretary of Defense, Personnel and Readiness.
24.
Deutsch, F.M., & Saxton, S.E. (1998). Traditional ideologies, nontraditional lives. Sex Roles, 38, 331-362.
25.
Ellefson, K.G. (1998). Advancing army women as senior leaders-Understanding the obstacles. Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College.
26.
Evertson, A., & Nesbitt, A. (2004). The glass ceiling effect and its impact on mid-level female officer career progression in the United States Marines Corps and Air Force. Monterey, CA: Naval Postgraduate School.
27.
Finkel, S.K., & Olswang, S.G. (1996). Child rearing as a career impediment to women assistant professors. The Review of Higher Education, 19(2), 123-139.
28.
Finkel, S.K., Olswang, S.G., & She, N. (1994). The implications of childbirth on tenure and promotion for women faculty. Review of Higher Education, 17(3), 259-270.
29.
Fiske, S.T., Cuddy, A.J.C., Glick, P., & Xu, J. (2002). A model of (often mixed) stereotype content: Competence and warmth respectively follow from perceived status and competition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82, 878-902.
30.
Goffman, E. (1961). Asylums. Anchor Books. Garden City, NY.
31.
Goldin, C. (1995, July). Career and family: College women look to the past (Working Paper, No. 5188). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research .
32.
Golembiewski, R.T. (1995). Managing diversity in organizations. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.
33.
Gunter, R., & Stambach, A. (2003). Balancing act and as game: How women and men science faculty experience the promotion process. Gender Issues, 21(2), 24-42.
34.
Harper, E.P., Baldwin, R.G., Gansneder, B.G., & Chronister, J.L. (2001). Full-time women faculty off the tenure track: Profile and practice. The Review of Higher Education, 24(3), 237-257.
35.
Harrell, M.C., Beckett, M.K., Chien, C.S., & Sollinger, J.M. (2002). The status of gender integration in the military: Analysis of selected occupations. Santa Monica, CA: RAND. (Prepared for the Office of the Secretary of Defense)
36.
Harrell, M.C., & Miller, L.L. (1997). New opportunities for military women: Effects upon readiness, cohesion and morale. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
37.
Harris, B.C., Steinberg, A.G., & Scarville, J. (1994). Why promotable female officers leave the army . Minerva's Quarterly Report on Women in the Military, 12(3), 1-23.
38.
Hensel, N. (1991). Realizing gender equality in higher education: The need to integrate work/ family issues (ASHE-Eric Higher Education Report , No. 1). Washington, DC: George Washington University, School of Education and Human Development.
39.
Hosek, S.D., Tiemeyer, P., Kilburn, R., Strong, D.A., Ducksworth, S., & Ray, R. (2001). Minority and gender differences in officer career progression. Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
40.
Jorgenson, J. (2000). Interpreting the intersections of work and family: Frame conflicts in women's work. The Electronic Journal of Communication, 10, 3-4.
41.
Kanter, R.M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books.
42.
Kennelly, I. (1999). That single mother element: How White employers typify Black women. Gender & Society, 13, 168-192.
43.
Lewis-Stevenson, S., Hueston, W.J., Mainous, A.G., III, Bazell, C., & Ye, X. (2001). Female and underrepresented minority faculty in academic departments of family medicine: Are women and minorities better off in family medicine?Family Medicine, 33(6), 459-465.
44.
Lie, S.S., & Malik, L. (1994). The gender gap in higher education. World Yearbook of Education. London: Kogan Page .
45.
Marschke, R., Laursen, S., McCarl Nielsen, J., & Rankin, P. (2007). Demographic inertia revisited: An immodest proposal to achieve equitable gender representation among faculty in higher education . The Journal of Higher Education, 78(1), 1-26.
46.
McElrath, K. (1992). Gender, career disruption and academic rewards . Journal of Higher Education, 63(3), 269-281.
47.
Moore, K.M., & Sagaria, M.A.D. (1993). The situation of women in research universities in the United States: Within the inner circles of academic power. In B. K. Townsend (Ed.), Women in higher education: A feminist perspective (1sted.). Needham Heights, MA: Ginn.
48.
National Military Family Association. (2005 ). Report on the cycles of deployment. An analysis of survey responses from April through September 2005. Alexandria, VA: Author.
49.
Nelson, D.J., & Rogers, D.C. (2004). A national analysis of diversity in science and engineering faculties at research universities. Unpublished manuscript, University of Oklahoma.
50.
Newcomer, M. (1959). A century of higher education for American women . New York: Harper.
51.
Ostriker, A. (1998). The maternal mind. In C. Coiner & D. H. George (Eds.), The family track: Keeping your faculties while you mentor, nurture, teach, and serve. Champaign: University of Illinois Press.
52.
Park, S.M. (1996). Research, teaching and service: Why shouldn't women's work count? Journal of Higher Education, 67(1), 46-83.
53.
Pazy, A., & Oron, I. (2001). Sex proportion and performance evaluation among high ranking military officers. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 22, 689-702.
54.
Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 2004. ( 2005). Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.defenselink.mil/prhome/poprep2004/download/2004report.pdf
55.
Population Representation in the Military Services, Fiscal Year 2006. ( 2007). Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.defenselink.mil/prhome/PopRep_FY06/faq.html
56.
Pynes, J.E. (2004). Human resources management for public and nonprofit organizations (2nd ed.). San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.
57.
Ridgeway, C.L., & Correll, S.J. (2004). Motherhood as a status characteristic. Journal of Social Issues, 60(4), 683-700.
58.
Rosen, L.N., Bliese, P.D., Wright, K.A., & Gifford, R.K. (1999). Gender composition and group cohesion in U.S. army units: A comparison across five studies. Armed Forces and Society, 25(3), 365-386.
59.
Rosen, L.N., Durand, D.B., Bliese, P.D., Halverson, R.R., Rothberg, J.M., & Harrison, N.L. (1996). Cohesion and readiness in gender-integrated combat service support units: The impact of acceptance of women and gender ratio. Armed Forces and Society, 22(4), 537-553.
60.
Rossi, A.S. (1964, Spring). Equality between the sexes: An immodest proposal. Daedalus.
61.
Rostker, B., Thie, H., Lacy, J., Kawata, J., & Purnell, S. (1993). The Defense Officer Personnel Management Act of 1980: A retrospective assessment (R-4246-FMP). Santa Monica, CA: RAND.
62.
Segal, D.R., & Wechsler Segal, M. (2004). America's military population . Population Bulletin, 59(1), 1-42.
63.
Snitow, A. (1990). A gender diary. In M. Hirsch & E. F. Keller (Eds.), Conflicts in feminism (pp. 9-43). New York: Routledge.
64.
The Joint Economic Committee. (2007, May 11). Helping military moms balance family and longer deployments . Washington, DC: Author.
65.
Tilghman, S.M. (1993a, January 25). Science vs. the female scientist . New York Times, p. A17.
66.
Tilghman, S.M. (1993b, January 26). Science vs. women-A radical solution . New York Times, p. A23.
67.
U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and Social Sciences. (2002, May). Women in the army: An annotated bibliography (Report 48). Arlington, VA: Author.
68.
Wechsler Segal, M. (1986). The military and the family as greedy institutions . Armed Forces and Society, 13(1), 9-38.
69.
Westwood, J., & Turner, H. (1996). Marriage and children as impediments to career progression of active duty career women army officers. Carlisle, PA: U.S. Army War College.
Winkler, J.A. (2000). Faculty reappointment, tenure, and promotion: Barriers for women. Professional Geographer, 52(4), 734-750.
72.
Women's Research and Education Institute. ( 2002). Positions and occupations currently open to active-duty women by branch of service, 2002. Retrieved May 7, 2008 from http://www.wrei.org
73.
Woody, T.A. (1966). A history of women's education in the United States (Pts. 1 and 2). London: Octagon . (Original work published 1929)
