One of the most influential articles in this context was written by Edward Luttwak, “Where are the Great Powers? At Home with the Kids,”Foreign Affairs73, 4 (1994). Luttwak’s contention that family size was an important variable in explaining low tolerance for casualties was much quoted.
2.
M. Ignatieff, Virtual War: Kosovo and Beyond (London: Chatto and Windus, 2000), 215–215.
3.
K. W. Eikenberry, “Take no Casualties,”ParametersXXVI, 2 (Summer 1996): 109–118; M.W. Alvis, Understanding the Role of Casualties in U.S. Peace Operations, Landpower Essay Series (Arlington, VA: Ausa’s Institute of Land Warfare, 1999); R.R. Caniglia, “US and British Approaches to Force,” Military Review LXXXI, 4 (July-August, 2001): 73–81; J. Record, “Collapsed Countries, Casualty Dread, and the New American Way of War,” Parameters XXXII, 2 (Summer 2002): 4–23; R.A. Lacquement Jr., “The Casualty-Aversion Myth,” Naval War College Review LVII, 1 (Winter 2004): 39–57; J.T. Correll, “Casualties. Until Recently, Large Numbers of Killed and Wounded Were an Inevitable Part of Warfare,” Air Force Magazine 86, 6 (June 2003): 48–53.
4.
About the effects of changes in military medicine on the balance between dead and wounded, see Atul Gawande, “Casualties of War—Military Care for the Wounded from Iraq and Afghanistan,” New England Journal of Medicine351, 24 (2004): 2471–2475 (also available online at www.nejm.org). See also Philip Carter and Owen West, “Iraq 2004 Looks Like Vietnam 1966,” published December 27, 2004 and available online at http://slate.msn.com/id/2111432”
5.
L. Hoffman and A. Rainville, Innocence Lost: The Hidden Casualties of the Iraq War. Children of the Fallen (published December 15, 2004 and available online at http://%20www.shns.com/shns/warkids/). At the same time, it is important and sobering to realize that World War II resulted in 183,000 orphans in the United States, the children of fallen fathers. We take this figure from a moving little book by one such orphan, who later in life became a historian: Richard Carlton Haney, “When is Daddy Coming Home?” An American Family during World War II (Madison: Wisconsin Historical Society Press, 2005).
6.
Our thanks go to Guiseppe Caforio for providing this information.
