In this study, four different pulps were prepared by adding 0%, 5%, 10%, and 15% carburized pine nut cone ash to a reference rubber compound based on styrene butadiene rubber (SBR). After vulcanization, the hardness, density, tensile strength, percentage elongation, tearing strength, and crosslink density of the compound were measured. In addition, the effects of the crosslink density on the mechanical properties were examined. The properties of the carburized pine nut cone ash compounds were evaluated both among themselves and comparatively with the physical and mechanical properties of the reference compound. In addition, it increased the hardness as well as the crosslink density, and it was shown to provide advantages in terms of its density, tensile strength, tearing strength, and percentage elongation properties. Furthermore, the fracture surfaces of the compounds were characterized via scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersion spectroscopy to explain the change in mechanical properties.
VahapoğluV. Rubber-like materials: classification. Mehmet Akif Ersoy Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi2013; 1: 25–34.
2.
OzenEYildirimNDalkilicB, et al.Effects of microcrystalline cellulose on some performance properties of chitosan aerogels. Maderas Ciencia y Tecnología2021; 23: 26.
3.
BülbülŞ. Doctorate Thesis: The Effect of Various Inorganic and Organic Fillers on the Mechanical Properties of NR-SBR Type Elastomer Materials, 2014.
4.
BhowmickAKDeSK. Effect of curing temperature and curing system on structure-property relations of rubber blends. Rubber Chem Technol1980; 53(4): 960–974.
5.
ChoughS-HChangD-H. Kinetics of sulfur vulcanization of NR, BR, SBR, and their blends using a rheometer and DSC. J Appl Polym Sci1996; 61(3): 449–454.
6.
ChoiS-SNahCLeeSG, et al.Effect of filler–filler interaction on rheological behaviour of natural rubber compounds filled with both carbon black and silica. Polym Int2003; 52(1): 23–28.
7.
AkçakaleN. Doctorate Thesis: Investigation of the Effect of Some Additives on the Mechanical Properties of NR/SBR Elastomer Based Sole Materials, 2008.
8.
ZhaoFShiXChenX, et al.Interaction of vulcanization and reinforcement of CB on dynamic property of NR characterized by RPA2000. J Appl Polym Sci2010; 117(2): 1168–1172.
9.
KhangTHAriffZM. Vulcanization kinetics study of natural rubber compounds having different formulation variables. J Thermal Analys Calorimet2012; 109: 1545–1553.
10.
PrasertsriSLagardeFRattanasomN, et al.Raman spectroscopy and thermal analysis of gum and silica-filled NR/SBR blends prepared from latex system. Polym Test2013; 32(5): 852–861.
11.
FurtadoCRGLeblancJLNunesRCR. Mica as additional filler in SBR–silica compounds. Eur Polym J2000; 36(8): 1717–1723.
12.
MohanTPKuriakoseJKannyK. Water uptake and mechanical properties of natural rubber–styrene butadine rubber (nr-sr) – Nanoclay composites. J Ind Eng Chem2012; 18(3): 979–985.
13.
MalasAPalPDasCK. Effect of expanded graphite and modified graphite flakes on the physical and thermo-mechanical properties of styrene butadiene rubber/polybutadiene rubber (SBR/BR) blends. Mater Des2014; 55: 664–673.
14.
Sadeghi GhariHJalali-AraniA. Nanocomposites based on natural rubber, organoclay and nano-calcium carbonate: study on the structure, cure behavior, static and dynamic-mechanical properties. Appl Clay Sci2016; 119: 348–357.
15.
AkçakaleN. Effects of carburized rice husk powders on physical properties of elastomer based materials. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe2017; 70(10/17): 49–54.
16.
AkçakaleNBülbülŞ. The effect of mica powder and wollastonite fillings on the mechanical properties of NR/SBR type elastomer compounds. J Rubber Res2017; 20(3): 157–167.
17.
BulbulS. Preparing and characterizing new NBR-based compounds with natural waste materials. Bilecik Seyh Edebali Univ J Sci2019; 6: 42–49.
18.
BülbülŞAkçakaleN. The production and mechanical properties of carburızed corn cob ash added rubber compounds. Kautschuk Gummi Kunststoffe2019; 72(4): 30–35.
19.
BülbülŞAkçakaleNYaşarM, et al. The effect of wood ash on the mechanical properties of rubber compounds. Mater Technol2019; 53(3): 333–339.
20.
KaraağaçB.Use of ground pistachio shell as alternative filler in natural rubber/styrene–butadiene rubber-based rubber compounds. Polym Composites2014; 35(2): 245–252.
21.
PittayavinaiPThanawanSAmornsakchaiT. Manipulation of mechanical properties of short pineapple leaf fiber reinforced natural rubber composites through variations in cross-link density and carbon black loading. Polym Test2016; 54: 84–89.
22.
DevlinEF. The effect of cure variables on cis/trans isomerization in carbon-black-reinforced cis-1,4-polybutadiene. Rubber Chem Technol1986; 59(4): 666–670.
23.
ChoiSS. Effect of bound rubber on characteristics of highly filled styrene–butadiene rubber compounds with different types of carbon black. J Appl Polym Sci2004; 93(3): 1001–1006.
24.
ChoiSSHwangKJKimBT. Influence of bound polymer on cure characteristics of natural rubber compounds reinforced with different types of carbon blacks. J Appl Polym Sci2005; 98(5): 2282–2289.
25.
BülbülŞ. Improving the crosslink density and the mechanical properties after vulcanization for an iron oxide layer (scale) and SBR/rubber masterbatch. Mater Technol2020; 54(1): 71–78.
26.
ÇetinT. Doğal ortam ekonomik faaliyet ilişkisine bir ornek kozak yöresi bergama. Gazi Üniversitesi Gazi Eğitim Fakültesi Dergisi2003; 23(1): 23–46.
27.
SenTKSarzaliMV. Removal of cadmium metal ion (Cd2+) from its aqueous solution by aluminium oxide (Al2O3): A kinetic and equilibrium study. Chem Eng J2008; 142(3): 256–262.
28.
OfomajaAENaidooEBModiseSJ. Removal of copper(II) from aqueous solution by pine and base modified pine cone powder as biosorbent. J Hazard Mater2009; 168(2): 909–917.
29.
JungSParkY-KKwonEE. Strategic use of biochar for CO2 capture and sequestration. J of CO2Utilization2019; 32: 128–139.
30.
DasAStöckelhuberKWJurkR, et al.Modified and unmodified multiwalled carbon nanotubes in high performance solution-styrene–butadiene and butadiene rubber blends. Polymer2008; 49(24): 5276–5283.
31.
ISO 37. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of tear strength - Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test pieces, 2017.
32.
ISO 868. Plastics and ebonite - Determination of indentation hardness by means of a durometer (Shore hardness), 2003.
33.
ISO 34-1. Rubber, vulcanized or thermoplastic - Determination of tear strength - Part 1: Trouser, angle and crescent test pieces, 2010.
34.
CrollSG. Application of the Flory–Rehner equation and the Griffith fracture criterion to paint stripping. J Coat Technol Res2009; 7(1): 49–55.
35.
FleglerSLHeckmanJWKlomparensKL. Scanning and transmission electron microscopy. England, UK: Oxford University Press, 1993.
36.
PalKPalSKDasCK, et al.Effect of fillers on morphological and wear characteristics of NR/HSR blends with E-glass fiber. Mater Des2012; 35: 863–872.
37.
AhmedNMElNasharDE. The effect of zinc oxide–phosphate core–shell pigments on the properties of blend rubber composites. Mater Des2013; 44: 1–11.
38.
HassanHHAteiaEDarwishNA, et al.Effect of filler concentration on the physico-mechanical properties of super abrasion furnace black and silica loaded styrene butadiene rubber. Mater Des2012; 34: 533–540.
39.
NabilHIsmailHRatnamCT. Simultaneous enhancement of mechanical and dynamic mechanical properties of natural rubber/recycled ethylene-propylene-diene rubber blends by electron beam irradiation. Int J Polym Anal Characterization2014; 19(3): 272–285.
40.
DongHLuoYZhongB, et al.Effects of vulcanization accelerator functionalized graphene on the co-vulcanization kinetics and mechanical strength of NR/SBR blends. Polym Test2020; 81: 106169.
41.
YangYZhangHZhangK, et al.Vulcanization, interfacial interaction, and dynamic mechanical properties of in-situ organic amino modified kaolinite/SBR nanocomposites based on latex compounding method. Appl Clay Sci2020; 185: 105366.
42.
MachotováJKalendováAVoleskáM, et al.Waterborne hygienic coatings based on self-crosslinking acrylic latex with embedded inorganic nanoparticles: a comparison of nanostructured ZnO and MgO as antibacterial additives. Prog Org Coat2020; 147: 105704.
43.
OzbasBTokiSHsiaoBS, et al.Strain-induced crystallization and mechanical properties of functionalized graphene sheet-filled natural rubber. J Polym Sci B: Polym Phys2012; 50(10): 718–723.
44.
JongL. Improved mechanical properties of silica reinforced rubber with natural polymer. Polym Test2019; 79: 106009.
45.
OsswaldKReinckeKSchossigM, et al.Influence of different types of antioxidants on the aging behavior of carbon-black filled NR and SBR vulcanizates. Polym Test2019; 79: 106053.
46.
XuZZhengLWenS, et al.Graphene oxide-supported zinc oxide nanoparticles for chloroprene rubber with improved crosslinking network and mechanical properties. Composites A: Appl Sci Manufacturing2019; 124: 105492.
47.
YanHTianGSunK, et al.Effect of silane coupling agent on the polymer-filler interaction and mechanical properties of silica-filled NR. J Polym Sci Part B: Polym Phys2005; 43(5): 573–584.
48.
AnsarifarAWangLEllisRJ, et al.Enhancing the mechanical properties of styrene–butadiene rubber by optimizing the chemical bonding between silanized silica nanofiller and the rubber. J Appl Polym Sci2007; 105(2): 322–332.
49.
SengloyluanKSahakaroKDierkesWK, et al.Silica-reinforced tire tread compounds compatibilized by using epoxidized natural rubber. Eur Polym J2014; 51: 69–79.
50.
QiaoHChaoMHuiD, et al.Enhanced interfacial interaction and excellent performance of silica/epoxy group-functionalized styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) nanocomposites without any coupling agent. Composites B: Eng2017; 114: 356–364.
51.
RaoVJohnsJ. Mechanical properties of thermoplastic elastomeric blends of chitosan and natural rubber latex. J Appl Polym Sci2008; 107(4): 2217–2223.
52.
YatsuyanagiFSuzukiNItoM, et al.Effects of secondary structure of fillers on the mechanical properties of silica filled rubber systems. Polymer2001; 42(23): 9523–9529.
53.
SuzukiNYatsuyanagiFItoM, et al.Effects of surface chemistry of silica particles on secondary structure and tensile properties of silica-filled rubber systems. J Appl Polym Sci2002; 86(7): 1622–1629.
54.
DongFZhaoPDouR, et al.Amine-functionalized POSS as cross-linkers of polysiloxane containing γ-chloropropyl groups for preparing heat-curable silicone rubber. Mater Chem Phys2018; 208: 19–27.
55.
TangDZhangXHuS, et al.The reuse of red brick powder as a filler in styrene-butadiene rubber. J Clean Prod2020; 261: 120966.
56.
El-NasharDEAhmedNMYehiaAA. The role of ion-exchange bentonites in changing the properties of styrene–butadiene rubber composites. Mater Des2012; 34: 137–142.
57.
AhmedKNizamiSSRazaNZ. Characteristics of natural rubber hybrid composites based on marble sludge/carbon black and marble sludge/rice husk derived silica. J Ind Eng Chem2013; 19(4): 1169–1176.
58.
AhmedKNizamiSSRazaNZ, et al.The effect of silica on the properties of marble sludge filled hybrid natural rubber composites. J King Saud Univ - Sci2013; 25(4): 331–339.
59.
IsmailHMegaLKhalilHA. Effect of a silane coupling agent on the properties of white rice husk ash-polypropylene/natural rubber composites. Polym Int2001; 50(5): 606–611.
60.
WanYWuHHuangL, et al.Preparation and characterization of corn cob/polypropylene composite reinforced by wood ash. Polym Bull2018; 75(5): 2125–2138.
61.
TarentinoALMaleyF. A comparison of the substrate specificities of endo-beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases from Streptomyces griseus and Diplococcus Pneumoniae. Biochem Biophysical Res Commun1975; 67(1): 455–462.
62.
BulbulSAkcakaleNGokmeseH, et al.The effect on hardness and density of filling materials in NR/SBR rubber compounds. Int Adv Researches Eng J2017; 1(1): 1–4.
63.
LinJSuSHeY, et al.Improving thermal and mechanical properties of the alumina filled silicone rubber composite by incorporating carbon nanotubes. New Carbon Mater2020; 35(1): 66–72.
64.
NasirMPohBTNgPS. Effect of γ-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane coupling agent on t90, tensile strength and tear strength of silica-filled NR, NBR and SBR vulcanizates. Eur Polym J1988; 24(10): 961–965.
