The Effects of Filler Loading and Vulcanisation System on Properties of Oil Palm Wood Flour-Natural Rubber Composites

Abstract

The effects of oil palm wood flour and vulcanization system on curing characteristics and mechanical properties of oil palm wood flour (OPWF)-natural rubber composites were studied. OPWF loading in the range of 0-50 phr and two vulcanisation systems, conventional vulcanisation (CV) and semi-efficient vulcanisation (semi-EV) were used. Increasing loading of OPWF in the rubber matrix resulted in reduction of tensile strength, tear strength and elongation at break, E _b, but increased modulus and hardness of the composites. At a similar filler loading, semi-EV composites show better properties. Swelling studies and curing characteristics indicate that the rubber-filler interaction, scorch and cure times decrease with increasing filler loading.

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

1. Coran, A.Y., Hamed, P. and Goettler, L.A. (1976). Rubb. Chem. Technol., 49: 1167 .

2. Boustany, K. and Arnold, R.L. (1976). J. Elastoplast., 8: 160 .

3. Murty, V.M. and De, S.K. (1982). Rubb. Chem. Technol., 55: 287 .

4. Chakraborty, S.K., Setua, D.K. and De, S.K. (1982). Rubb. Chem. Technol., 55: 1286 .

5. Coran, A.Y., Boustany, K. and Hamed, P. (1975). J. Appl. Polym. Sci., 15: 2471 .

6. Campbell, J.M. (1978): Prog. Rubber Technol., 41: 43 .

7. Goettler, L.A. and Shen, K.S. (1982). Paper presented at the ACS Meeting, Rubber Div., Chicago, October.

8. Derringer, G.C. (1971). Rubber World, 165: 45 .

9. Ismail, Hanafi, Rosnah, N. and Rozman, H.D. (1997). Polymer, 38: 4059 .

10.

10. Ismail, Hanafi, Rosnah, N. and Ishiaku, U.S. (1997). Polymer International, 43: 223 .

11.

11. Lorenz, O. and Parks, C.R. (1961). J. Polym. Sci., 50: 299 .

12.

12. Nando, G.B. and De, S.K. (1980). J. Appl. Polym. Scien., 25: 1249 .

13.

13. Bateman, L. (1963). The Chemistry and Physics of Rubberlike Substances, 449 pp., Applied Science, London ,

14.

14. Bhattacharyya, T.B., Biswas, A.K., Chatterjee, J. and Pramanick, D. (1986). Plast. Rubb. Process. Appl., 6: 119 .

15.

15. Bateman, L. (1963). The Chemistry and Physics of Rubberlike Substances, 775 pp., Applied Science, London .

16.

16. Dogadkin, B.A., Tarasova, Z.N. and Golberg, I.I. (1962). Proc. Fourth Rubber Technol. Conf., London.

17.

17. Ismail, Hanafi, Ishiaku, U.S., Arinab, A.R. and Mohd Ishak, Z.A. (1997). Intern. J. Polym. Mater., 36: 39 .

18.

18. O'Connor, J.E. (1977). Rubb. Chem. Technol., 50: 945 .