Over the past two decades, besides the transformation of the organizational structure of the mining industry, there has been a shift in the spatial organization of production, expressed by the replacement of mining towns with mining hotels. Two case studies in Peru show that these changes have produced new forms of labor segmentation affecting workers’ capacity to mobilize by turning those who are directly employed by the company into a minority. While subcontracted miners have managed to overcome organizational segmentation by organizing across companies, the spatial segmentation of the mining hotel model has made local coordination difficult. Workers are not, however, necessarily defeated, as greater spatial mobility may offer possibilities of networking with new actors.
En las últimas dos décadas, a la transformación de la estructura organizacional de las empresas mineras, cuya manifestación es la subcontratación laboral, se agrega el cambio en la organización espacial de la producción, expresada en el reemplazo del modelo de ciudad por hoteles mineros. Dos estudios de caso en Perú revelan que la segmentación organizacional reduce la capacidad de movilización porque vuelve a los trabajadores directamente empleados una minoría. Mientras la segmentación organizacional puede ser parcialmente superada a partir de la capacidad de los contratistas para coordinar acciones, un segundo tipo de segmentación, la espacial, dificulta coordinaciones a nivel local. Sin embargo, los obreros mineros no están necesariamente derrotados, pues su alta movilidad espacial podría traer la posibilidad de tender redes con actores transnacionales.
AnnerMark2011Solidarity Transformed: Labor Responses to Globalization and Crisis in Latin America. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
2.
ArcienagaRosa1986Los mineros de la Southern Peru Copper Corporation, 1968–1981. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
3.
BebbingtonAnthony2011Social Conflict, Economic Development and the Extractive Industry: Evidence from South America. London: Routledge.
4.
BeckerDavid1982 “Modern mine labour and politics in Peru since 1968.” Boletín de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe32 (June): 61–86.
5.
BergquistCharles1986Labor in Latin America. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
6.
BravermanHarry1998Labor and Monopoly Capital: The Degradation of Work in the Twentieth Century. New York: New York University Press.
7.
BurtJo-Marie2007Political Violence and the Authoritarian State in Peru. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
8.
CastellsManuel1996The Rise of the Network Society. Malden, MA: Blackwell.
9.
Celis OspinaJuan Carlos2012La subcontratación laboral en América Latina: Miradas multidimensionales. Medellín: CLACSO.
10.
CookMaria Lorena2007Politics of Labor Reform in Latin America: Between Flexibility and Rights. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press.
11.
Correa 3 Arquitectos2011Alojamientos mineros. Santiago de Chile: Correa Editorial.
12.
CottonElizabeth2015 “Transnational regulation of temporary agency work compromised partnership between private employment agencies and global union federations.” Work, Employment and Society29 (1): 137–153.
13.
CottonElizabethRoyleTony2014 “Transnational organizing: a case study of contract workers in the Colombian mining industry.” British Journal of Industrial Relations52: 705–724.
14.
CrushJonathan1994 “Scripting the compound: power and space in the South African mining industry.” Environment and Planning D12: 301–324.
15.
de EchaveJosé2005Los procesos de diálogo y la administración de conflictos en territorios de comunidades: El caso de la mina de Tintaya en el Perú. Lima: CooperAcción.
16.
de LaireFernando1999La trama invisible o los claroscuros de la flexibilidad. Santiago de Chile: Cuadernos de Investigación de la Dirección del Trabajo.
17.
DiniusOliver JürgenVergaraAngela2011Company Towns in the Americas: Landscape, Power, and Working-Class Communities. Athens: University of Georgia Press.
18.
DoreElizabeth2011 “Environment and society: long-term trends in Latin American mining.” Environment and History6 (1): 1–29.
19.
Durán-PalmaFernandoLópezDiego2009 “Contract labour mobilisation in Chile’s copper mining and forestry sectors.” Employee Relations31 (3): 245–263.
20.
EcheverríaMagdalena2010La historia inconclusa de la subcontratación y el relato de los trabajadores. Santiago de Chile: Cuadernos de Investigación de la Dirección del Trabajo.
21.
EllemBradonShieldsJohn2000 “Making a ‘union town’: class, gender and consumption in inter-war Broken Hill.” Labour History 78 (May): 116–140.
22.
FinnJanet1998Tracing the Veins: Of Copper, Culture, and Community from Butte to Chuquicamata. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press.
23.
Flores GalindoAlberto1974Los mineros de la Cerro de Pasco, 1900–1930: Un intento de caracterización social. Lima: Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú.
24.
GierynThomas2000“A space for place in sociology.”Annual Review of Sociology26: 463–496.
25.
GilVladimir2009Aterrizaje minero: Cultura, conflicto, negociaciones y lecciones para el desarrollo desde la minería en Ancash, Perú. Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
26.
GoodsellCharles T.1974American Corporations and Peruvian Politics. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
27.
GordonDavid M.EdwardsRichardReichMichael1982Segmented Work, Divided Workers: The Historical Transformation of Labor in the United States. New York: Cambridge Univesity Press.
28.
HarveyDavid1982The Limits to Capital. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
29.
HavemannPaul1999Indigenous Peoples’ Rights in Australia, Canada, and New Zealand. New York: Oxford University Press.
30.
HelfgottFederico2013 “Transformations in labor, land, and community: mining and society in Pasco, Peru, 20th century to the present.” Ph.D. diss., University of Michigan.
31.
HerodAndrew2001Labor Geographies: Workers and the Landscapes of Capitalism. New York: Guilford Press.
32.
HibaJuan Carlosde EchaveJoséOspinaEstela2002Condiciones de trabajo, seguridad y salud ocupacional en la minería en el Perú. Lima: OIT/ETM para los Países Andinos.
33.
HudsonKenneth2007 “The new labor market segmentation: labor market dualism in the new economy.” Social Science Research36 (1): 286–312.
34.
JamesWilmot Godfrey1992Our Precious Metal: African Labour in South Africa’s Gold Industry, 1970–1990. Cape Town: New Africa Books.
35.
KallebergArne2000 “Nonstandard employment relations: part-time, temporary, and contract work.” Annual Review of Sociology26: 341–365.
36.
KallebergArneSorensenAage1979 “The sociology of labor markets.” Annual Review of Sociology5: 351–379.
37.
KerrC.SiegelA.1964 (1954) “The interindustry propensity to strike: an international comparison,” pp. 105–147 in KerrClark (ed.), Labor and Management in Industrial Society. New York: Anchor Books.
38.
KlubockThomas Miller1998Contested Communities: Class, Gender, and Politics in Chile’s El Teniente Copper Mine, 1904–1948. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
39.
KlubockThomas Miller2004 “Class, community, and neoliberalism in Chile: copper workers and the labor movement during the military dictatorship and the restoration of democracy,” pp. 209–260 inPeterWinn (ed.), Victims of the Chilean Miracle: Workers and Neoliberalism in the Pinochet Era, 1973–2002. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.
40.
LeeChing Kwan1995 “Engendering the worlds of labor: women workers, labor markets, and production politics in the South China economic miracle.” American Sociological Review60: 378–397.
41.
LefebvreHenri1991The Production of Space. Oxford: Blackwell.
42.
Leiva GómezSandra2009 “La subcontratación en la minería en Chile: elementos teóricos para el análisis.” Polis: Revista Latinoamericana8 (24):111–131.
43.
LeivaSandraCamposAlí2013“Movimiento social de trabajadores subcontratados en la minería privada del cobre en Chile.” Psicoperspectivas12 (2): 51–61.
44.
McGrath-ChampSusanHerodAndrewRainnieAl2010Handbook of Employment and Society: Working Space. London: Edward Elgar Publishing.
45.
McKaySteven2006Satanic Mills or Silicon Islands? The Politics of High-Tech Production in the Philippines. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
46.
MankyOmar2011 “El día después del tsunami: notas para comprender a los sindicatos obreros peruanos en las últimas décadas del siglo XX.” Debates en Sociología36: 107–134.
47.
MankyOmar2013 “Recordando al patrón: memoria organizacional y conflictos laborales, el caso de una empresa minera peruana,” pp. 243–254 in GonzaloPortocarrero (ed.), Sombras coloniales y globalización en el Perú de hoy. Lima: Universidad del Pacífico.
48.
MankyOmar2014 “Democracia, crecimiento económico y sindicalismo en el Perú del siglo XXI: continuidades y rupturas.” Revista Latinoamericana de Estudios de Trabajo19 (31): 195–228.
49.
MankyOmar2016 “Changes in mining accommodation regimes and their effects on labour union strategies.” British Journal of Industrial Relations. Online (Early View).
50.
Ministerio de Energía y Minas2013Boletín estadístico de minería. Lima: Ministerio de Energia y Minas.
51.
Ministerio de Trabajo2014Anuario estadístico del Ministerio de Trabajo del Perú. Lima: Ministerio de Trabajo y Promoción del Empleo.
52.
MuñozCarolina2008Transnational Tortillas: Race, Gender, and Shop-floor Politics in Mexico and the United States. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.
53.
NaranjoAída2005La mujer minera en defensa de sus derechos. Lima: Centro de Asesoría Laboral del Perú.
54.
PadmanabhanNeethi2012 “Globalisation lived locally: a labour geography perspective on control, conflict and response among workers in Kerala.” Antipode44: 971–992.
55.
PeckJamie1996Work-place: The Social Regulation of Labor Markets. New York: Guilford Press.
56.
PintoHonorio2011Gran minería en el Perú: El caso Shougang Hierro Perú SAA. Lima: Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos.
57.
PintoJulio1980Desgarros y utopías en la pampa salitrera. Santiago de Chile: LOM.
58.
PunNgaiSmithChris2007 “Putting the transnational labour process in its place: the dormitory labour regime in post-socialist China.” Work, Employment and Society21 (1): 27–45.
59.
SalasGuillermo2008Dinámica social y minería: Familias pastoras de puna y la presencia del proyecto Antamina (1997–2002). Lima: Instituto de Estudios Peruanos.
60.
StoreyKeith2010“Fly-in/fly-out: implications for community sustainability.”Sustainability2: 1161–1181.
61.
SulmontDenis1980Historia del movimiento obrero minero metalurgico (hasta 1970). Lima: Tarea.
62.
SzablowskiDavid2002 “Mining, displacement and the World Bank: A case analysis of Compania Minera Antamina’s operations in Peru.” Journal of Business Ethics39: 247–273.
WilkinsonFrank1981The Dynamics of Labour Market Segmentation. New York: Academic Press.
66.
WillerHildegard2000 “Del sueño americano que se esfumó en un barco chino.” Ideele130 (August): 8–15.
67.
ZapataFrancisco1977 “Enclaves y sistemas de relaciones industriales en América Latina.” Revista Mexicana de Sociología39: 719–731.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
