In Bolivia from the 1990s on, two presidents were ousted by popular protests, and protests were rampant. The protests expressed a growing discontent not only with successive administrations and their policies but with politics itself. The polity failed to built trust in democracy, ignored or repressed protests, and thus contributed to a process of democratic “deconsolidation.” The main factors were corruption and the reluctance of the traditional political parties to discuss the neoliberal economic model. As a result, the current administration of Evo Morales faces two challenges: to change economic policies and to repair the support for democracy.
Albó, Xavier and Raúl Barrios (eds.) 1993Violencias encubiertas en Bolivia. La Paz: CEDIB/Aruwiyiri.
2.
Archondo, Rafael2004“¿Vivimos una auténtica transición? Bien vale definir el momento.”Pulso Semanario4(244): 6—7.
3.
Assies, Willem and Ton Salman2003a “Bolivian democracy: consolidating or disintegrating?” Focaal: EuropeanJournal of Anthropology42: 141—160.
4.
2003 b Crisis in Bolivia: The Elections of 2002 and their Aftermath . Institute of Latin American Studies, University of London, Research Paper 56.
5.
Assies, Willem, Gemma van der Haar, and André Hoekema (eds.) 2000The Challenge of Diversity: Indigenous Peoples and Reform of the State in Latin America. Amsterdam: Thesis Publishers.
6.
Baviskar, Siddhartha and Mary Fran T. Malone2004“What democracy means to citizens—and why it matters.”Revista Europea de Estudios Latinoamericanos y del Caribe76: 3—23.
7.
Bourdieu, Pierre1984Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste . London and New York: Routledge and Kegan Paul.
8.
Camp, Roderick Ai (ed.) 2001Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh : University of Pittsburgh Press.
9.
Crabtree, John and Laurence Whitehead (eds.) 2001Towards Democratic Viability: The Bolivian Experience. Houndmills, Basingstoke, and New York: Palgrave.
10.
Diamond, Larry1996“Toward democratic consolidation,” pp. 227—240 in Larry Diamond and Marx F. Plattner (eds.), The Global Resurgence of Democracy . 2d edition. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1999Developing Democracy: Towards Consolidation. Baltimore and London: Johns HopkinsUniversity Press.
11.
Diamond, Larry and Marx F. Plattner (eds.) 1996The Global Resurgence of Democracy. 2d edition. Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press.
Gamarra, Eduardo2004“Carlos Mesa's challenges in Bolivia: will he succeed against overwhelming odds?”LASA Forum35(1): 4—5.
14.
Gamboa, Franco2001Itinerario de la esperanza y el desconcierto: Ensayos sobre política, sociedad y democracia en Bolivia. La Paz: Muela del Diablo Editores.
15.
Gray-Molina, George2001“Exclusion, participation, and democratic state-building,” pp. 63—82 in John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Towards Democratic Viability: The Bolivian Experience. Houndmills, Basingstoke, and Hampshire: Palgrave.
16.
Harto de Vera, Fernando (ed.) 2000América Latina: Desarrollo, democracia y globalizaciónMadrid: CECAL/Trama Editorial.
17.
Hindery, Derrick2004“Social and environmental impacts of World Bank/IMF-funded economic restructuring in Bolivia: an analysis of ENRON and SHELL's hydrocarbons projects.”Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography25: 281—303. http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/sjtg/2004/00000025/00000003/art00003;jsessionid=8fpm21gx5dps.victoria.
18.
Karl, Terry Lynn2003“The vicious cycle of inequality in Latin America ,” pp. 133—157 in Susan Eva Eckstein and Timothy P.Wickham-Crowley (eds.), What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley and London: University of California Press.
19.
Kruyt, Suzanne2006“Between `Pachakuti' and `Another World is Possible': global and local interactions in social movement frames in Bolivia,” Master's thesis, VU Universiteit Amsterdam.
20.
Laserna, Roberto1997 20 (Mis)Conceptions on Coca and Cocaine. La Paz : Clave.
Lewis, Tom2003“Protests topple a president: rebellion in Bolivia.” Socialist Worker, October 24.
23.
Lievesley, Geraldine1999Democracy in Latin America: Mobilization, Power, and the Search for a New Politics. Manchester and New York: Manchester University Press.
24.
Linz, Juan and Alfred Stepan1996Problems of Democratic Transition and Consolidation. Baltimore and London : Johns Hopkins University Press.
25.
Mayorga, René Antonio2003“Bolivia: metamorfosis del sistema de partidos.”Íconos, no. 16, 96—105.
26.
McNeish, John-Andrew2004“Stones on the road: the politics of participation and the generation of crisis in Bolivia.”Bulletin of Latin American Research25: 220—240.
27.
Mesa, José de, Teresa Gisbert, and Carlos Mesa 1999 Historia de Bolivia. La Paz: Editorial Gisbert.
28.
Morales, Juan Antonio2001“Economic vulnerability in Bolivia,” pp. 41—60 in John Crabtree and Laurence Whitehead (eds.), Towards Democratic Viability: The Bolivian Experience. Houndmills, Basingstoke, and Hampshire: Palgrave.
29.
Nuijten, Monique, et al. 2004“Governance in action: some theoretical and practical reflections on a key concept,” pp. 103—130 in Don Kalb, Wil Pansters, and Hans Siebers (eds.), Globalization and Development: Themes and Concepts in Current Research. Dordrecht, Boston, and London: Kluwer Academic Publisher.
30.
O'Donnell, Guillermo1999Counterpoints; Selected Essays on Authoritarianism and Democratization. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.
31.
Oxhorn, Philip2003“Social inequality, civil society, and the limits of citizenship in Latin America,” pp. 35—63 in Susan Eva Eckstein and Timothy P.Wickham-Crowley (eds.), What Justice? Whose Justice? Fighting for Fairness in Latin America. Berkeley and London: University of California Press.
32.
Pachano, Simón2003“Ciudadanía e identidad,” pp. 13—63 in Simón Pachano (ed.), Ciudadanía e identidad. Quito: FLACSO.
33.
Peeler, John2004Building Democracy in Latin America. Boulder and London : Lynne Rienner.
34.
Philip, George2003Democracy in Latin America. Cambridge , Oxford, and Malden: Blackwell .
35.
Power, Timothy J. and Mary A. Clark2001“Does trust matter? Interpersonal trust and democratic values in Chile, Costa Rica, and Mexico,” pp. 51—70 in Roderick Ai Camp (ed.), Citizen Views of Democracy in Latin America. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
36.
Rojas Ortuste, Gonzalo1999De ángeles, demonios y política: Ensayos sobre cultura y ciudadanía. La Paz: Muela del Diablo Editores.
37.
Salman, Ton2000“Politico-cultural models and collective action strategies: The pobladores of Chile and Ecuador,” pp. 192—216 in Luis Roniger and Tamar Herzog (eds.), The Collective and the Public in Latin America. Brighton and Portland: Sussex Academic Press.
38.
2004“Apocryphal citizenship: anthropologizing the citizenship debate in Latin America.”Journal of Urban History30: 853—873.
39.
Schor, Miguel2001“The rule of law and democratic consolidation in Latin America.”http://darkwing.uoregon.edu/~caguirre .
40.
Siavelis, Peter M.2004“Democracy and political institutions in Latin America: reconciling approaches.”Latin American Research Review39: 275—290.
41.
Sousa Santos, Boaventura de2004Democracia de alta intensidad: Apuntes para democratizar la democracia. La Paz: Corte Nacional Electoral.
42.
Stuven, Ana María (ed.) 1990Democracia contemporánea: Transición y consolidación. Santiago: Ediciones Universidad Católica de Chile.
43.
Tapia Mealla, Luis and Carlos Toranzo Roca2000Retos y dilemas de la representación política. La Paz: PNUD/Edobol.
44.
UNDP (United Nations Development Program)2002Perfil del desarrollo humano y la pobreza en Bolivia. http://idh.pnud.bo/docs/idh2002/04Cap1.pdf.
45.
Van Cott, Donna Lee2000The Friendly Liquidation of the Past: The Politics of Diversity in Latin America . Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press.
46.
Vellinga, Menno L.1998“Alternative development and supply side control in the drug industry: the Bolivian experience.” European Journal of Latin American andCaribbean Studies, no. 64, 7—26.
47.
Wiarda, Howard J.2001The Soul of Latin America: The Cultural and Political Tradition. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.
