Andrews and Bonta identified the following criminogenic needs as important to reducing offending: substance use, antisocial cognition, antisocial associates, family and marital relations, employment, and leisure and recreational activities. This study examines dynamic criminogenic need changes across a 12-month period and identifies which need changes are the best predictors of criminal offending and illicit drug use among a sample of drug-involved probationers who participated in an intervention (N = 251). Probationers had significant changes in several need areas, and treatment participation moderated some changes. Probationers who had reductions in criminally involved family members they associate with, improved work performance, and decreased alcohol use had the greatest reductions in offending. Those who increased time spent engaged in leisure and recreational activities were less likely to self-report subsequent drug use. These findings suggest that certain dynamic need changes may be more important than others, and designing interventions to impact these needs might improve outcomes.
AgnewR.PetersenD. M. (1989). Leisure and delinquency. Social Problems, 36, 332-350.
2.
AlemiF.StephensR.LlorensS.SchaeferD.NemesS.ArendtR. (2003). The orientation of social support measure. Addictive Behaviors, 28, 1285-1298.
3.
AndrewsD. A.BontaJ. (2010). The psychology of criminal conduct. New Providence, NJ: Anderson.
4.
ArnoldT. (2007). Dynamic changes in Level of Service Inventory-Revised (LSI-R) scores and the effects of prediction accuracy (Master’s thesis). St. Cloud University, St. Cloud, MN.
5.
AustinJ. (2006). How much risk can we take? The misuse of risk assessment in corrections. Federal Probation, 70, Article 58.
6.
BennettT.HollowayK.FarringtonD. (2008). The statistical association between drug misuse and crime: A meta-analysis. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 13, 107-118.
7.
BergM. T.HuebnerB. M. (2011). Reentry and the ties that bind: An examination of social ties, employment, and recidivism. Justice Quarterly, 28, 382-410.
8.
BloklandA. A.NieuwbeertaP. (2005). The effects of life circumstances on longitudinal trajectories of offending. Criminology, 43, 1203-1240.
9.
BrownB. S.O’GradyK. E.BattjesR. J.KatzE. C. (2004). The Community Assessment Inventory—Client views of supports to drug abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 241-251.
10.
BushwayS. D.ApelR. (2012). A signaling perspective on Employment-Based Reentry Programming. Criminology & Public Policy, 11, 21-50.
CapaldiD. M.KimH. K.OwenL. D. (2008). Romantic partners’ influence on men’s likelihood of arrest in early adulthood. Criminology, 46, 267-299.
13.
ChaikenJ. M.ChaikenM. (1982). Varieties of criminal behavior. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
14.
CobbinaJ. E.HuebnerB. M.BergM. T. (2012). Men, women, and post-release offending: An examination of the nature of the link between relational ties and recidivism. Crime & Delinquency, 58, 331-361.
15.
CohenP.CohenJ.WestS. G.AikenL. S. (2002). Applied multiple regression/correlation analysis for the behavioral sciences. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.
16.
DiggleP.HeagertyP.LiangK.-Y.ZegerS. L. (2002). The analysis of longitudinal data. Oxford, UK: Clarendon.
17.
DowdenC.AndrewsD. A. (1999). What works for female offenders: A meta-analytic review. Crime & Delinquency, 45, 438-452.
18.
FarringtonD. P. (1988). Studying changes within individuals: The causes of offending. In RutterM. (Ed.), Studies of psychosocial risk: The power of longitudinal data (pp. 158-183). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
19.
FarringtonD. P. (2007). Advancing knowledge about desistance. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 23, 125-134.
20.
FergussonD. M.Swain-CampbellN. R.HorwoodL. J. (2002). Deviant peer affiliations, crime and substance use: A fixed effects regression analysis. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 30, 419-430.
21.
GardnerW.MulveyE. P.ShawE. C. (1995). Regression analyses of counts and rates: Poisson, overdispersed Poisson, and negative binomial models. Psychological Bulletin, 118, 392-404.
22.
GendreauP.LittleT.GogginC. (1996). A meta-analysis of the predictors of adult offender recidivism: What works!Criminology, 34, 575-608.
23.
GiordanoP. C.CernkovichS. A.HollandD. D. (2003). Changes in friendship relations over the life course: Implications for desistance from crime. Criminology, 41, 293-328.
24.
GirardL.WormithJ. S. (2004). The predictive validity of the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision on general and violent recidivism among various offender groups. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 150-181.
25.
GirdenE. R. (1992). ANOVA repeated measures. Series: Quantitative applications in the social sciences. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
26.
GottfredsonD. C.NajakaS. S.KearleyB. (2003). Effectiveness of drug treatment courts: Evidence from a randomized trial. Criminology & Public Policy, 2, 171-196.
27.
GriffinM. L.ArmstrongG. S. (2003). The effect of local life circumstances on female probationers’ offending. Justice Quarterly, 20, 213-239.
28.
HansonR. K.Morton-BourgonK. E. (2009). The accuracy of recidivism risk assessments for sexual offenders: A meta-analysis of 118 prediction studies. Psychological Assessment, 21, 1-21.
29.
HavassyB. E.WassermanD. A.HallS. M. (1995). Social relationships and abstinence from cocaine in an American treatment sample. Addiction, 90, 699-710.
30.
HawkinsJ. D.FraserM. W. (1987). The social networks of drug abusers before and after treatment. Substance Use & Misuse, 22, 343-355.
31.
HaynieD. L. (2003). Contexts of risk? Explaining the link between girls’ pubertal development and their delinquency involvement. Social Forces, 82, 355-397.
32.
HealyD.O’DonnellI. (2006). Criminal thinking on probation: A perspective from Ireland. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 782-802.
33.
HenningK. R.FruehC. (1996). Cognitive-behavioral treatment of incarcerated offenders: An evaluation of the Vermont Department of Corrections’ Cognitive Self-Change Program. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 523-541.
34.
HepburnJ.GriffinM. (2004). An analysis of risk factors contributing to the recidivism of sex offenders on probation. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
35.
HorneyJ.MarshallI. H. (1991). Measuring Lambda thought self-reports. Criminology, 29, 471-495.
36.
HorneyJ.OsgoodD. W.MarshallI. H. (1995). Criminal careers in the short-term: Intra-individual variability in crime and its relation to local life circumstances. American Sociological Review, 6, 655-673.
37.
HubbardA. E.AhernJ.FleischerN. L.Van der LaanM.LippmanS. A.JewellN.SatarianoW. A. (2010). To GEE or not to GEE: Comparing population average and mixed models for estimating the associations between neighborhood risk factors and health. Epidemiology, 21, 467-474.
38.
JenseniusK. (2008). Exploring social networks of drug offenders on probation (Master’s thesis). George Mason University, Fairfax, VA.
39.
KazemianL.FarringtonD. P.Le BlancM. (2009). Can we make accurate long-term predictions about patterns of de-escalation in offending behavior?Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 38, 384-400.
40.
KnightD. K.SimpsonD. D. (1996). Influences of family and friends on client progress during drug abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 8, 417-429.
41.
KnightD. K.SimpsonD. D.HillerM. (2002). Screening and referral for substance-abuse treatment in the criminal justice system. In LeukefeldC. G.TimsF.FarabeeD. (Eds.), Treatment of drug offenders: Policies and issues (pp. 259-272). New York, NY: Springer.
42.
KnightD. K.SimpsonD. D.MoreyJ. (2002). An evaluation of the TCU Drug Screen. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice.
43.
KnightK.GarnerB. R.SimpsonD. D.MoreyJ. T.FlynnP. M. (2006). An assessment for criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 159-177.
44.
LanganP. A.LevinD. J. (2002). Recidivism of prisoners released in 1994. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
45.
LatessaE. J.LowenkampC. (2006). What works in reducing recidivism. University of St. Thomas Law Journal, 3, 521-535.
46.
LaubJ. H.NaginD. S.SampsonR. J. (1998). Trajectories of change in criminal offending: Good marriages and the desistance process. American Sociological Review, 63, 225-238.
47.
Le BlancM.McDuffP.FréchetteM.LangelierS.LevertF.Trudeau-LeBlancP. (1996). Mesures de L’adaptation Sociale et Personnelle pour Les Adolescents Québécois Manuel et Guide D’utilisation (3rd ed.). Montreal, Quebec, Canada: Groupe de recherche sur les ado.
48.
LiS. D.MacKenzieD. L. (2003). The gendered effects of adult social bonds on the criminal activities of probationers. Criminal Justice Review, 28, 278-298.
49.
LiS. D.PriuH. D.MacKenzieD. L. (2000). Drug involvement, lifestyles, and criminal activities among probationers. Journal of Drug Issues, 30, 593-620.
50.
LoundsJ.SeltzerM. M.GreenbergJ. S.ShattuckP. T.MacLeanW. (2007). Transition and change in adolescents and young adults with autism: Longitudinal effects on maternal well-being. American Journal on Mental Retardation, 112, 401-417.
51.
LowenkampC. T.HubbardD.MakariosM. D.LatessaE. J. (2009). A quasi-experimental evaluation of thinking for a change a “real-world” application. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 137-146.
52.
LowenkampC. T.LatessaE. J.HolsingerA. M. (2006). The risk principle in action: What have we learned from 13,676 offenders and 97 correctional programs?Crime & Delinquency, 52, 77-93.
53.
MacKenzieD. L.LiS. D. (2002). The impact of formal and informal social controls on the criminal activities of probationers. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 39, 243-276.
54.
MahoneyJ. L.StattinH. (2000). Leisure time activities and adolescent antisocial behavior: The role of structure and social context. Journal of Adolescence, 23, 113-127.
55.
MarloweD. B.FestingerD. S.LeeP. A.DugoshK. L.BenasuttiK. M. (2006). Matching judicial supervision to clients’ risk status in drug court. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 52-76.
56.
MaruschakL. M.ParksE. (2012). Probation and parole in the United States, 2011. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
57.
MaumeM. O.OuseyG. C.BeaverK. (2005). Cutting the grass: A reexamination of the link between marital attachment, delinquent peers and desistance from marijuana use. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 21, 27-53.
58.
McGuireJ. (2004). Understanding psychology and crime: Perspectives on theory and action. Berkshire, UK: Open University Press.
59.
MonahanK. C.SteinbergL.CauffmanE. (2009). Affiliation with antisocial peers, susceptibility to peer influence, and antisocial behavior during the transition to adulthood. Developmental Psychology, 45, 1520-1530.
60.
National Institute of Justice. (2010). 2009 annual report on drug use among adult and juvenile arrestees (Office of Justice Programs, NCJ No. 193013). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice.
61.
OxfordM. L.LeeJ. O. (2011). The effect of family processes on school achievement as moderated by socioeconomic context. Journal of School Psychology, 49, 597-612.
62.
PalmerE. J.HollinC. R. (2004). The use of the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles with English young offenders. Legal and Criminological Psychology, 9, 253-263.
63.
PalmerE. J.HollinC. R. (2007). The Level of Service Inventory—Revised with English women prisoners: A needs and reconviction analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 971-984.
64.
PetersiliaJ. (1999). A decade of experimenting with intermediate sanctions: What have we learned?Justice Research and Policy, 1, 9-23.
65.
PetersiliaJ. (2003). When prisoners come home: Parole and prisoner reentry. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
66.
PiqueroA. R.MacDonaldJ. M.ParkerK. F. (2002). Race, local life circumstances, and criminal activity. Social Science Quarterly, 83, 654-670.
67.
PrendergastM. L.PodusD.ChangE.UradaD. (2002). The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: A meta-analysis of comparison group studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 53-72.
68.
RaynorP. (2007). Risk and need assessment in British probation: The contribution of LSI-R. Psychology, Crime & Law, 13, 125-138.
69.
SampsonR. J.LaubJ. H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
70.
SampsonR. J.LaubJ. H.WimerC. (2006). Does marriage reduce crime? A counterfactual approach to within-individual causal effects. Criminology, 44, 465-508.
71.
SchlagerM. D.PachecoD. (2011). An examination of changes in LSI-R scores over time: Making the case for needs-based case management. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 541-553.
72.
SimonsR. L.RobertsonJ. F. (1989). The impact of parenting factors, deviant peers, and coping style upon adolescent drug use. Family Relations, 38, 273-281.
73.
SimourdD. (2004). Use of dynamic risk/need assessment instruments among long-term incarcerated offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 31, 306-323.
74.
SimourdD. (2006). Validation of risk/needs assessments in the Pennsylvania Department of Corrections (PADOC Risk/Needs Validation Final Report). Lower Allen: Pennsylvania Department of Corrections.
75.
SobellL. C.SobellM. (1992). Timeline followback: A technique for assessing self-reported ethanol consumption. In LittenR. Z.AllenJ. P. (Eds.), Measuring alcohol consumption: Psychosocial and biochemical methods (pp. 41-72). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press.
76.
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. (2011). Results from the 2010 National Survey on Drug Use and Health: Summary of national findings [NSDUH Series H-41, HHS Publication No. (SMA) 11-4658]. Rockville, MD: Author.
77.
SutherlandE. H. (1947). Principles of criminology (4th ed.). Chicago, IL: J. B. Lippincott.
78.
TangneyJ. P.StuewigJ.FurukawaE.KopelovichS.MeyerP. J.CosbyB. (2012). Reliability, validity, and predictive utility of the 25-item Criminogenic Cognitions Scale (CCS). Criminal Justice and Behavior, 39, 1340-1360.
79.
TaxmanF. S.RhodesA. G.DumenciL. (2011). Construct and predictive validity of criminal thinking scales. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 38, 174-187.
80.
TaxmanF. S.ThannerM. (2006). Risk, need, and responsivity (RNR): It all depends. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 28-51.
81.
ThannerM. H.TaxmanF. S. (2003). Responsivity: The value of providing intensive services to high-risk offenders. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 24, 137-147.
82.
TripodiS. J.KimJ. S.BenderK. (2010). Is employment associated with reduced recidivism?International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 54, 706-720.
83.
UggenC.KruttschnittC. (1998). Crime in the breaking: Gender differences in desistance. Law & Society Review, 32, 339-366.
84.
UggenC.ThompsonM. (2003). The socioeconomic determinants of ill-gotten gains: Within-person changes in drug use and illegal earnings. American Journal of Sociology, 109, 146-185.
85.
VieiraT. A.SkillingT. A.Peterson-BadaliM. (2009). Matching court-ordered services with treatment needs predicting treatment success with young offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 36, 385-401.
86.
VisherC. A.TravisJ. (2003). Transitions from prison to community: Understanding individual pathways. Annual Review of Sociology, 29, 89-113.
87.
WaltersG. D. (1990). The criminal lifestyle: Patterns of serious criminal conduct. Newbury Park, CA: SAGE.
88.
WaltersG. D. (1995). The psychological inventory of criminal thinking styles Part I: Reliability and preliminary validity. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 22, 307-325.
89.
WaltersG. D. (2003). Predicting institutional adjustment and recidivism with the Psychopathy Checklist factor scores: A meta-analysis. Law and Human Behavior, 27, 541-558.
90.
WarrM. (1998). Life-course transitions and desistance from crime. Criminology, 36, 183-216.
91.
WeisburdD. (2001). Magic and science in multivariate sentencing models: Reflections on the limits of statistical methods. Israel Law Review, 35, 225.
92.
WelteJ. W.BarnesG. M.HoffmanJ. H.WieczorekW. F.ZhangL. (2005). Substance involvement and the trajectory of criminal offending in young males. The American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 31, 267-284.
93.
WertsC. E.LinnR. L. (1970). A general linear model for studying growth. Psychological Bulletin, 73, 17-22.
94.
WhiteH. R.GormanD. M. (2000). The dynamics of the drug-crime relationship. In LaFreeG. (Ed.), The nature of crime: Continuity and change (pp. 151-218). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice.
95.
WilsonD. B.GallagherC.MacKenzieD. (2000). A meta-analysis of correctional-based education, vocation, and work programs for adult offenders. Journal of Research in Crime & Delinquency, 37, 347-368.
96.
WilsonD. B.MitchellO.MacKenzieD. L. (2006). A systematic review of drug court effects on recidivism. Journal of Experimental Criminology, 2, 459-487.
97.
WrightJ. P.CullenF. T. (2004). Employment, peers, and life-course transitions. Justice Quarterly, 21, 183-205.
98.
YinZ.KatimsD. S.ZapataJ. T. (1999). Participation in leisure activities and involvement in delinquency by Mexican American adolescents. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 21, 170-185.
99.
ZegerS. L.LiangK.-Y. (1986). Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes. Biometrics, 42, 121-130.
