Monitoring drug-abuse-treatment delivery and progress requires the use of validated instruments to measure client motivation, psychosocial and cognitive functioning, and other treatment-process dynamics. As part of the National Institute on Drug Abuse Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies project for examining client-performance indicators for treatment of correctional populations, this study examined psychometric properties of the Criminal Justice Client Evaluation of Self and Treatment (CJ CEST). The sample included 3,266 offenders from 26 corrections-based treatment programs located in six states. Overall, the client assessment demonstrated good reliabilities evaluated at the individual and program levels and in test—retest administrations. In addition, evidence for construct validity was favorable. It is concluded that the CJ CEST is a brief yet comprehensive instrument that effectively and efficiently measures client needs and functioning at intake and also is appropriate for use during treatment to monitor progress over time in corrections-based drug-treatment programs.
Bentler, P.M. (1990). Comparative fit indices in structural models. Psychological Bulletin,107, 238-246.
2.
Berry, G.W., & Sipps, G.J. (1991). Interactive effects of counselor—client similarity and client self-esteem on termination type and number of sessions . Journal of Counseling Psychology, 38, 120-125.
3.
Blane, H. T., & Leonard, K. E. (Eds.). (1987). Psychological theories of drinking and alcoholism. New York: Guilford.
4.
Blumstein, A., & Beck, A.J. (1999). Population growth in U.S. prisons. In M. Tonry & J. Petersilia (Eds.), Prisons: Crime and justice (pp. 17-61). Chicago : University of Chicago Press.
5.
Bollen, K.A. (1989). Structural equations with latent variables. New York: John Wiley.
6.
Bollen, K. A., & Long, J. S. (Eds.). (1993). Testing structural equation models. New York: John Wiley.
7.
Broome, K.M., Knight, K., Joe, G.W., Simpson, D.D., & Cross, D. (1997). Structural models of antisocial behavior and during-treatment performance for probationers in a substance abuse treatment program. Structural Equation Modeling, 4, 37-51.
8.
Broome, K.M., Simpson, D.D., & Joe, G.W. (1999). Patient and program attributes related to treatment process indicators in DATOS. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 57, 127-135.
9.
Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. In K. A. Bollen & J. S. Long (Eds.), Testing structural equation models (pp. 136-162). Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
10.
Byrne, B.M. (1989). A primer of LISREL: Basic applications and programming for confirmatory factor analytic models. New York: Springer-Verlag.
11.
Chien, I. (1980). Psychological, social, and epidemiological factors in juvenile drug use. In D. J. Lettieri, M. Sayers, & H. W. Pearson (Eds.), Theories on drug abuse: Selected contemporary perspectives (NIDA Research Monograph 30, DHHS Publication No. ADM 80-967) . Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.
12.
Cronbach, L.J. (1951). Coefficient alpha and the internal structure of tests. Psychometrika, 16, 297-334.
13.
Dansereau, D.F., Joe, G.W., & Simpson, D.D. (1993). Node-link mapping: A visual representation strategy for enhancing drug abuse counseling. Journal of Counseling Psychology, 40, 385-395.
14.
De Leon, G. (2000). The therapeutic community: Theory, model and method . New York: Springer.
15.
De Leon, G., & Jainchill, N. (1981-1982). Male and female drug abusers: Social and psychological status 2 years after treatment in a therapeutic community . American Journal of Drug and Alcohol Abuse, 8, 465-497.
16.
Fletcher, B.W. (2003). The National Criminal Justice Drug Abuse Treatment Studies (CJ-DATS). Offender Substance Abuse Report, 3(5), 1-5.
17.
Gendreau, P. (1996). Offender rehabilitation: What we know and what needs to be done. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 23, 144-161.
18.
Gerstein, D.R., Johnson, R.A., Harwood, H.J., Fountain, D., Suter, N., & Malloy, K. (1994). Evaluating recovery services: The California Drug and Alcohol Treatment Assessment (CALDATA) general report. Sacramento: California Department of Alcohol and Drug Programs.
19.
Glaze, L.E., & Palla, S. (2004). Probation and parole in the United States, 2003 (Bureau of Justice Statistics [BJS] Bulletin, NCJ-205336). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
20.
Griffith, J.D., Hiller, M.L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D.D. (1999). A cost-effectiveness analysis of in-prison therapeutic community treatment and risk classification. The Prison Journal , 79, 352-368.
21.
Harrison, P.M., & Beck, A.J. (2005, April). Prison and jail inmates at midyear 2004 (BJS Special Report, NCJ-208801). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
22.
Hatcher, L. (1994). A step-by-step approach to using the SAS system for factor analysis and structural equation modeling. Cary, NC: SAS Publishing.
23.
Hiller, M.L., Knight, K., & Simpson, D.D. (1999). Risk factors that predict dropout from corrections-based treatment for drug abuse. The Prison Journal, 79, 411-430.
24.
Joe, G.W., Broome, K.M., Rowan-Szal, G.A., & Simpson, D.D. (2002). Measuring patient attributes and engagement in treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 22, 183-196.
25.
Joe, G.W., Knezek, L.D., Watson, D.D., & Simpson, D.D. (1991). Depression and decision-making among intravenous drug users. Psychological Reports, 68, 339-347.
26.
Joe, G.W., Simpson, D.D., & Broome, K.M. (1999). Retention and patient engagement models for different treatment modalities in DATOS. Drug and Alcohol Dependence , 57, 113-125.
27.
Joe, G.W., Simpson, D.D., Greener, J.M., & Rowan-Szal, G.A. (1999). Integrative modeling of client engagement and outcomes during the first 6 months of methadone treatment . Addictive Behaviors, 24, 649-659.
28.
Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (2004). LISREL 8.7 for Windows. Lincolnwood, IL: Scientific Software International, Inc.
29.
Knight, K., Garner, B.R., Simpson, D.D., Morey, J.T., & Flynn, P.M. (2006). An assessment for criminal thinking. Crime & Delinquency, 52, 159-177.
30.
Knight, K., Simpson, D.D., & Hiller, M.L. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes for in-prison therapeutic community treatment in Texas. The Prison Journal , 79, 337-351.
31.
Knight, K., Simpson, D.D., & Morey, J.T. (2002). TCU-NIC cooperative agreement: Final report. Fort Worth: Texas Christian University, Institute of Behavioral Research.
32.
Martin, S.S., Butzin, C.A., Saum, C.A., & Inciardi, J.A. (1999). Three-year outcomes of therapeutic community treatment for drug-involved offenders in Delaware: From prison to work release to aftercare. The Prison Journal, 79, 294-320.
33.
McCollister, K.E., French, M.T., Prendergast, M., Wexler, H.K., Sacks, S., & Hall, E. (2003). Is in-prison treatment enough? A cost-effectiveness analysis of prison-based treatment and aftercare services for substance-abusing offenders. Law & Policy, 25, 63-82.
34.
McLellan, A.T., McKay, J.R., Forman, R., Cacciola, J., & Kemp, J. (2005). Reconsidering the evaluation of addiction treatment: From retrospective follow-up to concurrent recovery monitoring. Addiction, 100, 447-458.
35.
Miller, W.R. (1985). Motivation for treatment: A review with special emphasis on alcoholism. Psychological Bulletin,98, 84-107.
36.
Moos, R.H., & Billings, A.G. (1982). Conceptualizing and measuring coping resources and processes. In L. Goldberger & S. Breznits (Eds.), Handbook of stress: Theoretical and clinical aspects (pp. 212-230). New York: Macmillan.
37.
Mumola, C.J. (2000). Correctional populations in the United States, 1997 (BJS Special Report, NCJ-177613). Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Justice Programs.
38.
Murray, L., & Singer, S.I. (1988). Delinquency, substance abuse, and risk taking in middle-class adolescents [Special issue]. Behavioral Sciences and the Law, 6, 385-400.
39.
Myers, M.D., Knight, K., Simpson, D.D., & Stevens, S. (1991, April). Psychosocial assessments during drug abuse treatment. Paper presented at the Southwestern Psychological Association meeting, New Orleans, LA.
40.
Pearson, F.S., & Lipton, D.S. (1999). A meta-analytic review of the effectiveness of corrections-based treatments for drug abuse. The Prison Journal , 79, 384-410.
41.
Powell, J.E., & Taylor, D. (1992). Anger, depression, and anxiety following heroin withdrawal. International Journal of the Addictions, 27, 25-35.
42.
Prendergast, M.L., Podus, D., Chang, E., & Urada, D. (2002). The effectiveness of drug abuse treatment: A meta-analysis of comparison group studies. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 67, 53-72.
43.
Prochaska, J.O., & DiClemente, C.C. (1986). Toward a comprehensive model of change. In W. R. Miller & N. Heather (Eds.), Treating addictive behaviors: Processes of change (pp. 3-27). New York: Plenum.
44.
Rao, S.R., Broome, K.M., & Simpson, D.D. (2004). Depression and hostility as predictors of long-term outcomes among opiate users in DATOS. Addiction, 99, 529-659.
45.
Raudenbush, S.W., & Bryk, A.S. (2002). Hierarchical linear models: Applications and data analysis methods (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
46.
Raudenbush, S.W., Bryk, A.S., & Congdon, R.T. (2004). HLM 6: Hierarchical linear and nonlinear modeling . Chicago: Scientific Software International, Inc.
47.
Richard, F.D., Bond, C.F., Jr., & Stokes-Zoota, J.J. (2003). One hundred years of social psychology quantitatively described. Review of General Psychology, 7, 331-363.
48.
Roberts, E.A., Contois, M.W., Willis, J.C., Sr., Worthington, M.R., & Knight, K. (2007). Assessing offender needs and performance for planning and monitoring criminal justice drug treatment. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 34, 1179-1187.
49.
Rosenberg, M. (1962). Self-esteem and concern with public affairs. Public Opinion Quarterly, 26, 201-211.
50.
Sacks, J.Y., McKendrick, K., & Kressel, D. (2007). Measuring offender progress in treatment using the Client Assessment Inventory. Criminal Justice and Behavior , 34, 1131-1142.
51.
Simpson, D.D. (2001). Modeling treatment process and outcomes. Addiction, 96, 207-211.
52.
Simpson, D.D. (2004). A conceptual framework for drug treatment process and outcomes. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 27, 99-121.
53.
Simpson, D.D., & Joe, G.W. (1993). Motivation as a predictor of early dropout from drug abuse treatment. Psychotherapy, 30, 357-368.
54.
Simpson, D.D., & Joe, G.W. (2004). A longitudinal evaluation of treatment engagement and recovery stages. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment , 27, 89-97.
55.
Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Greener, J.M., & Rowan-Szal, G.A. (2000). Modeling year 1 outcomes with treatment process and post-treatment social influences. Substance Use & Misuse, 35(12-14), 1911-1930.
56.
Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Rowan-Szal, G.A., & Greener, J.M. (1995). Client engagement and change during drug abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse, 7, 117-134.
57.
Simpson, D.D., Joe, G.W., Rowan-Szal, G.A., & Greener, J.M. (1997). Drug abuse treatment process components that improve retention. Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 14, 565-572.
58.
Simpson, D.D., & Knight, K. (2004). Correctional treatment and the TCU treatment model . In K. Knight & D. Farabee (Eds.), Treating addicted offenders: A continuum of effective practices (pp. 21-28). Kingston, NJ : Civic Research Institute, Inc.
59.
Simpson, D.D., Knight, K., & Ray, S. (1993). Psychosocial correlates of AIDS-risk drug use and sexual behaviors. AIDS Education and Prevention, 5, 121-130.
60.
Simpson, D.D., Wexler, H.K., & Inciardi, J.A. (1999a). Drug treatment outcomes for correctional settings, Part 1. [Special issue]. The Prison Journal, 79(3).
61.
Simpson, D.D., Wexler, H.K., & Inciardi, J.A. (1999b). Drug treatment outcomes for correctional settings, Part 2. [Special issue].The Prison Journal, 79(4).
62.
Sirotnik, K.A. (1980). Psychometric implications of the unit-of-analysis problem (with examples from the measurement of organizational climate). Journal of Educational Measurement, 17, 245-282.
63.
Walters, G.D. (2006). Risk-appraisal versus self-report in the prediction of criminal justice outcomes: A meta-analysis. Criminal Justice and Behavior, 33, 279-304.
64.
Wexler, H.K., Melnick, G., Lowe, L., & Peters, J. (1999). Three-year reincarceration outcomes for Amity in-prison therapeutic community and aftercare in California. The Prison Journal, 79, 321-336.
65.
Wills, T.A., & Shiffman, S. (1985). Coping and substance use: A conceptual framework . In S. Shiffman & T. A. Wills (Eds.), Coping and substance use (pp. 3-24). San Diego, CA: Academic Press.
Supplementary Material
Please find the following supplemental material available below.
For Open Access articles published under a Creative Commons License, all supplemental material carries the same license as the article it is associated with.
For non-Open Access articles published, all supplemental material carries a non-exclusive license, and permission requests for re-use of supplemental material or any part of supplemental material shall be sent directly to the copyright owner as specified in the copyright notice associated with the article.
