Abstract
It is shown how the two treatments in a 2 × 2 crossover trial can be compared with respect to both mean response level and within-subject response variability. Various exact statistical inferences are described, including tests, confidence intervals, and certain decision rules to determine whether the target parameters are within given intervals of interest. These inferences are valid even with few subjects, and no distributional assumption is required about the between-subject variability. Certain general multi-step inferences based on stepwise tests and confidence intevals without multiplicity adjustment are also described that are of interest in this context. The inferences are easily implemented using available statistical software.
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