Congregationalist missionaries arriving in the Hawaiian Islands in 1820 established a printing press and published Hawaiian language textbooks to teach Western approaches to knowledge. While these introduced ideas were seen as important by Hawaiian leaders grappling with the world system in which they now found themselves, they also displaced Hawaiian ways of knowing in which Divinity was imminent in nature. These texts helped pave the way for the transformation of Hawaiian culture and economy to capitalism. Yet this re-writing of the world shows the mission in an ambiguous position between natural theology and secular rationalism, and the missionaries themselves as torn between religious and economic motives.
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