Raymond J. Young (1923—2007) played a key role in the post—World War II development of community colleges in Illinois, Michigan, Ohio, and elsewhere. This article describes his scholarly and professional contributions in developing “bottom-up,” grassroots citizen's participatory studies that led to the establishment 60 community colleges in 33 states between 1955 and 1976.
Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching. (2007). Basic classification tables. Retrieved December 26, 2007, from http://www.carnegiefoundation.org/classifications/index.asp?key=805
2.
Fretwell, E.K. (1954). Founding public junior colleges. New York: Teacher's College, Columbia University.
3.
Grinnell, J. E., & Young, R. J. (Eds.). (1955). The school and the community; educational and public relations. New York: Roland Press Company.
4.
Illinois Commission on Higher Education. ( 1957). Illinois looks to the future in higher education: Report to the governor and legislature of the state of Illinois. Springfield, IL: Author.
5.
Katsinas, S.G. (2005). Increased competition for scarce state dollars . In S. G. Katsinas & J. C. Palmer (Eds.), Sustaining financial support for community colleges (New Directions for Community Colleges, No. 132, pp. 19-32). San Francisco: Jossey Bass, Winter.
6.
Katsinas, S.G., Colon, D.M., Johnson, J.L., Sanders, E.Y., & Thompson, D. (1999). The development of two-year colleges in Ohio: The tension between state and local area interests. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 23, 79-105.
7.
Katsinas, S.G., Johnson, J.L., & Snider, L.G. (1999), Two-year college development in five Midwestern states: An introduction and overview. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 23, 1-18.
8.
Koos, L.V. (1924). The junior college. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.
9.
Krebs, P., Katsinas, S.G., & Johnson, J.L. (1999). Illinois community colleges: Their history and system. Community College Journal of Research and Practice , 23, 19-41.
10.
Martorana, S.V. (1957). The community college in Michigan. Lansing, MI: Michigan Legislative Study Committee on Higher Education.
11.
Meek, D., & Morgan, D.A. (1977). Council of Universities and Colleges: An introductory history. Tucson, AZ: Higher Education Program, University of Arizona.
12.
National Center for Public Policy and Higher Education. (n.d.). Measuring up 2006: The national report card for higher education . San Jose, CA: Author. Retrieved December 12, 2007, from http://measuringup.highereducation.org/_docs/2006/NationalReport_2006.pdf
13.
Nurnberger, T.S. (1960). Six county study of community college needs, citizen's advisory council final report. Detroit, MI: Citizen's Advisory Council.
14.
Oklahoma Secondary School Curriculum Improvement Commission and Oklahoma State Department of Education. (1953). A guide for the improvement of curriculum in Oklahoma secondary schools (Bulletin No. 1). Oklahoma City, OK: State Superintendent of Education.
15.
Thompson, L.F., & Young, R.J. (1990). Accomplishment of selected occupational programs in community colleges. Community College Review, 18(2), 41-46.
16.
Wright, D., & Katsinas, S.G. (1994, April). Community college pioneers: S.V. “Marty” Martorana, James L. Wattenbarger, and Raymond J. Young, notes from the graduate student seminar of the Council of Universities and Colleges. Unpublished manuscript.
17.
Young, R.J. (1949). An evaluation of administrative practitioners concerning secondary school libraries. Unpublished master's thesis, Kansas State Teachers College at Pittsburg.
18.
Young, R.J. (1950). An analysis and evaluation of general legislation pertaining to public junior colleges. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Colorado at Boulder.
19.
Young, R.J. (1951a). Junior college prospects and a guide for its legal propagation. Junior College Journal, (21)8, 444-452.
20.
Young, R.J. (1951b). School district re-organization and the public junior college. Junior College Journal, 22(2), 72-75.
21.
Young, R.J. (1951c). Junior-college supervision and control. The School Review, 59, 485-488.
22.
Young, R.J. (1952a). How well do we teach?The Journal of Teacher Education, 3, 214-216.
23.
Young, R.J. (1952b). General legislative needs for the public junior college in the North Central Association area. North Central Association Quarterly, 26, 287-294.
24.
Young, R.J. (1955a). The problem of school and community relationships . In J. E. Grinnell & R. J. Young, (Eds.), The school and the community; educational and public relations (pp. 3-17). New York: Roland Press Company.
25.
Young, R.J. (1955b). Unofficial influences on the schools. In J. E. Grinnell & R. J. Young (Eds.), The school and the community; educational and public relations (pp. 88-101). New York: Roland Press Company.
26.
Young, R.J. (1955c). The curriculum improvement movement in Oklahoma . National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin , 39(214), 16-25.
27.
Young, R.J. (1957a). Citizen's survey of community college possibilities: A survey of the East Alton-Wood River, Illinois High School District. Urbana, IL: Office of Field Services, College of Education, University of Illinois.
28.
Young, R.J. (1957b). The community-junior college. In Illinois looks to the future in higher education: Report to the governor and legislature of the state of Illinois (pp. 97-149). Springfield, IL: Illinois Commission on Higher Education.
29.
Young, R.J. (1957c). Is there educational waste of Illinois human resources? The Caldron, 3(1), 7-40.
30.
Young, R.J. (1959). Survey of junior college possibilities: A state responsibility. Junior College Journal, 29(5), 245-253.
31.
Young, R.J. (1961a). Improvement through introspection: Are self-studies essential? Junior College Journal, 32(1), 29-34.
32.
Young, R.J. (1961b). What surveys show about characteristics, motivations, and educational aspirations of youth. In Proceedings of the Annual Conference on Higher Education in Michigan, November 14 and 15, 1961 (pp.40-48). Ann Arbor, MI: Center for the Study of Higher and Postsecondary Education, University of Michigan.
33.
Young, R.J. (1962a). What surveys show about characteristics, motivations, and educational aspirations of youth for college. College and University, 38(2), 61-67.
34.
Young, R.J. (1962b). Crucial times for North Central area junior college involvement, a report of the Subcommittee on Junior College Problems, Committee on Current Problems, Commission on Research and Services. North Central Association Quarterly, 36, 323-387.
35.
Young, R.J. (1963). The American junior college, a modern development in higher education. Michigan Quarterly Review, 64(36), 41-47.
36.
Young, R.J. (1970a). A proposed plan for meeting Ohio's need for two-year post-high school education: Consultant's Report to the Ohio Board of Regents by Arthur D. Little. Unpublished manuscript.
37.
Young, R.J. (1970b). Feasibility study of a data comparison system for academic institutions in Holland: Report prepared for the Committee of Presidents-Curator by Arthur D. Little, Inc Unpublished manuscript.
38.
Young, R.J. (1973a). Concentration on cooperation: Everyone's duty, each one's goal. In S. V. Martorana & J. O. Hammons (Eds.), State-local agency and community college cooperation for community improvement: A conference of state and local officials in the middle states (proceedings) (pp. 16-26). University Park, PA: Center for the Study of Higher Education, The Pennsylvania State University.
39.
Young, R.J. (1973b). Progress and prospect: A study of the Kansas City Metropolitan Junior College District; A report to the Board of Trustees . Unpublished manuscript.
40.
Young, R.J. (1976). Strategies pur le Developpement du Systeme d'Education Post-Secondaire enAlgerie: Rapport prepare pour Le Minestere de l'Enseignement Suerieur et de la recherche Scientfiique. Unpublished manuscript.
41.
Young, R.J. (1982). Both sides of the management coin. Community College Review, 10(2), 19-25.
42.
Young, R.J. (1985—1986). Methodology for community educational study: How appropriate is cluster sampling?Journal of Experimental Education, 54, 114-117.
43.
Young, R.J. (1986a). Discovering community opinion. Community Services Catalyst, 16(4), 11-14.
44.
Young, R.J. (1986b). Assessment of public opinion on school issues: A critique. The Rural Educator, 9(3), 12-24.
45.
Young, R.J. (1987—1988). Structural features of a good secondary school reading program: Thoughts for school administrators . National Forum of Educational Administration and Supervision Journal, 4, 157-170.
46.
Young, R.J. (1988). Administrative intervention—An integral aspect of the reading program. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 72(508), 89-94.
47.
Young, R.J. (1989a). The good old summertime in public two-year colleges . Community Services Catalyst, 19(2), 9-15.
48.
Young, R.J. (1989b). Summer sessions in public two-year colleges (ERIC Document No. ED304202). Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
49.
Young, R.J. (1989c). Factors associated with creativity: Educational programming for summer terms. Continuing Higher Education Review, 53, 27-34.
50.
Young, R.J. (1996). Legacy of the Post-WWII growth years for community college leadership programs. In J. C. Palmer & S. G. Katsinas (Eds.), Sustaining financial support for community colleges (New Directions for Community Colleges, No. 132; pp. 5-14). San Francisco: Jossey Bass.
51.
Young, R.J. (2002). From persuasion to accommodation in public two-year college development. Community College Journal of Research and Practice, 26, 559-572.
52.
Young, R.J., & Berger, D.F. (1983). Evaluation of a year-round junior high school operation. National Association of Secondary School Principals Bulletin, 67(459), 53-59.
53.
Young, R.J., & Hines, J.J. (1961). Business management in selected junior colleges . School Business Affairs, 17(2), 5-18.
54.
Young, R.J., & Jones, H.M. (1982). State governance structures for community education . Community Services Catalyst, 12(4), 15-20.
55.
Young, R.J., & McDougall, W.P. (1982). Relationships of selected factors to summer session organizations (ERIC Document No. ED215734). Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
56.
Young, R.J., & McDougall, W.P. (1985). Recent changes in summer sessions of U.S. and Canadian colleges and universities (ERIC Document No. ED279264). Pullman, WA: Washington State University.
57.
Young, R.J., & McDougall, W.P. (1987). Comparison of university summer session characteristics in Canada and the United States. Canadian Journal of University Continuing Education, 13, 16-31.
58.
Young, R.J., & McDougall, W.P. (1988). Trends in university summer sessions. The Journal of Higher Education, 59, 39-53.
59.
Young, R.J., & McDougall, W.P. (1991). Summer sessions in colleges and universities: Perspectives, practices, problems, and prospects (ERIC Document No. ED370493). St. Louis: North American Association of Summer Sessions.
60.
Young, R.J., & Thompson, M.J. (1982). A study of relationships between characteristics of elected and appointed trustees and their beliefs . Community/Junior College Quarterly of Research and Practice , 6, 121-128.
