The authors argue that the overlooking or forgetting of a beverage-specific element of Milton Terris's classic 1967 paper linking per capita alcohol consumption with cirrhosis mortality trends sheds new light on the subsequent paradigmatic history of alcohol epidemiology. The historical standing and subsequent citation of Terris's paper are re-examined, and Terris's reasons for not reminding the alcohol epidemiology literature of this aspect of his paper are explored. Aspects of presentation and content of the 1967 paper are also discussed with respect to the explanation of the subsequently lost beverage-specific element of Terris's article. The authors suggest that an evolutionary aspect of the relationship and competition between the modern alcoholism and alcohol controls paradigms in alcohol epidemiology may offer the key to accounting for this historical-forgetting puzzle.
ArgeriouM., “The Jellinek estimation formula revisited,”Quarterly journal of Studies on Alcohol35:1053–1057, 1974.
2.
BattigK., “Ausmass und Ursachen des Alkoholismus,”Zeitschrift für Präventivmedizin9:133–142, 1964 (cited in Schmidt, 1975).
3.
BeauchampD.E., “The Paradox of Alcohol Policy: The Case of the 1969 Alcohol Act in Finland,” pp. 225–254 in MooreM. and GersteinD. (eds.), Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of ProhibitionWashington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.
4.
BrennerB., “Estimating the prevalence of alcoholism: Toward a modification of the Jellinck formula,”Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol20:255–260, 1959.
5.
BruunK.EdwardsG.LumioM.MäkeläK.PanL.PophamP.RoomR.SchmidtW.SkogO.-J.SulkunenP., and ÖsterbergE., Alcohol Control Policies in Public Health Perspective, Helsinki: The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, 25, 1975.
6.
BruunK., “Liver cirrhosis mortality as an indicator of the prevalence of heavy alcohol use: A brief comment on Skog,”British Journal of Addiction75:365–366, 1980.
7.
CookP.J., “The Effect of Liquor Taxes on Drinking, Cirrhosis, and Auto Accidents,” pp. 255–285 in MooreM. and GersteinD. (eds.), Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of ProhibitionWashington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.
8.
De LintJ., “Critical examination of data bearing on the type of alcoholic beverage consumed in relation to health and other effects,”British Journal of Addiction72:189–197, 1977.
9.
De LintJ. and SchmidtW., “Consumption averages and alcoholism prevalence: A brief review of epidemiological investigations,”British Journal of Addiction66:97–107, 1971.
10.
De LintJ. and SchmidtW., “Alcoholism and Mortality,” in KissinB. and BegleiterH. (eds.), The Biology of Alcoholism, Vol. IV, New York: Plenum, 1976 (cited in de Lint, 1977).
11.
DuffyJ.C., “The association between per capita consumption of alcohol and the proportion of excessive consumers—a reply to Skog,”British Journal of Addiction75:147–151, 1980.
12.
DuffyJ.C., “Fallacy of the distribution of alcohol consumption,”Psychological Reports50:125–126, 1982.
13.
DuffyJ.C., “The distribution of alcohol consumption—30 years on,”British Journal of Addiction81:735–741, 1986.
14.
DuffyJ.C. and CohenG.R., “Total alcohol consumption and excessive drinking,”British Journal of Addiction73:259–264, 1978.
15.
EdwardsG.AndersonP.BaborT.F.CasswellS.FerrenceR.GiesbrechtN., Alcohol Policy and the Public GoodOxford, New York, Tokyo: Oxford University Press, 1994.
16.
ElinsonJ., “Epidemiological studies and control programs in alcoholism: Discussion,”American Journal of Public Health57:991–996, 1967.
17.
GrantB.F.NobleJ., and MalinH., “Decline in liver cirrhosis mortality and components of change: United States, 1973–1983,”Alcohol Health & Research World10:66–69, 1986.
18.
GruenewaldP.J. and PonickiW.R., “The relationship of alcohol sales to cirrhosis mortality,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol56:635–641, 1995.
19.
HerdD., “Ideology, history and changing models of liver cirrhosis epidemiology,”British Journal of Addiction87:1113–1126, 1992.
20.
JellinekE.M., “Estimating the prevalence of alcoholism: Modified values in the Jellinek Formula and an alternative approach,”Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol20:261–269, 1959.
21.
JolliffeN. and JellinekE.M., “Cirrhosis of the Liver,” in JellinekE.M. (ed.), Alcohol Addiction and Chronic Alcoholism ch. VI, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1942.
22.
KatcherB., “The post-Repeal eclipse in knowledge about the harmful effects of alcohol,”Addiction88:729–744, 1993.
23.
LeevyC.M., “Hard Liquors and Cirrhosis,” pp. 283–295 in EngelA. and LarssonT. (eds.), Alcoholic Cirrhosis and Other Toxic Hep-***atopathias, Stockholm: Skandia, 1970 (cited as “Leavy” in Smith and Burvill, 1985).
24.
LedermannS., Alcool, Alcoolisme, Alcoolisation, Vol. 1, Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, 1956.
25.
LelbachW.K., “Organic Pathology Related to Volume and Pattern of Alcohol Use,” in GibbensR.S. (eds.), Research Advances in Alcohol and Drug Problems, New York: Wiley and Sons, 1974 (cited in Schmidt, 1975, and in Smith and Burvill, 1985).
26.
LelbachW.K., “Epidemiology of Alcoholic Liver Disease,” in PopperH. and SchaffnerF. (eds.). Progress in Liver Diseases, Vol. 5, New York: Grune and Stratton, 1976 (cited in Smith and Burvill, 1985).
27.
LieberC.S., Medical Disorders of Alcoholism, Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, 1982 (cited in Smith and Burvill, 1985).
28.
LilienfeldA.M. and KornsR.F., “Some epidemiological aspects of cirrhosis of the liver: A study of mortality statistics,”American Journal of Hygiene52:65–81, 1950.
29.
LongneckerM.P.WolzM., and ParkerD.A., “Ethnicity, distilled spirits consumption and mortality in Pennsylvania,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol42:791–796, 1981.
30.
MannR.E.SmartR.G.AnglinL., and RushB.R., “Are decreases in liver cirrhosis rates a result of increased treatment for alcoholism?”British Journal of Addiction83:683–688, 1988.
31.
MannR.E.SmartR.G.AnglinL., and AdlafE.M., “Reductions in cirrhosis deaths in the United States: Associations with per capita consumption and AA membership,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol52:361–365, 1991.
32.
MasséL.JuillanJ.M., and ChisloupA., “Trends in mortality from cirrhosis of the liver, 1950–1971,”World Health Statistics Report29:40–67, 1976.
33.
MillerG.H. and AgnewN., “The Ledermann model of alcohol consumption,”Quarterly Studies of Studies on Alcohol35:877–898, 1974.
34.
MoeschlinS. and RighettiP., “Wine and the Liver,” pp. 301–311 in EngelA. and LarssonT. (eds.), Alcoholic Cirrhosis and Other Toxic Hepatopathias, Stockholm: Skandia, 1970 (cited in Smith and Burvill (1985).
35.
MooreM. and GersteinD. (eds.), Alcohol and Public Policy: Beyond the Shadow of Prohibition, Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 1981.
36.
ParkerD.A. and HarmonM.S., “The distribution of consumption model of prevention of alcohol problems: A critical assessment,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol39:377–399, 1978.
37.
PophamR.E., “Indirect Methods of Alcoholism Prevalence Estimation: A Critical Evaluation,” pp. 294–306 in PophamR.E. (ed.), Alcohol and AlcoholismToronto: University of Toronto Press, 1970.
38.
PophamR.E.SchmidtW., and de LintJ., “Government Control Measures to Prevent Hazardous Drinking,” pp. 239–266 in EwingJ.A. and RouseB.A. (eds.), Drinking: Alcohol in American Society—Issues and Current Research, Chicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978 [1970–1971] (probably written in 1970–1971).
39.
RehmJ.RoomR., and AndersonP., “WHO working group on population levels of alcohol consumption,”Addiction91:275–283, 1996 (see Addiction 91:896, 1996, for amended authorship).
40.
RoizenR., “How Does the Nation's ‘Alcohol Problem’ Change from Era to Era? Stalking the Social Logic of Problem-Definition Transformations Since Repeal,” in TracySarah and AckerCaroline (eds.), Altering the American Consciousness: Essays on the History of Alcohol and Drug Use in the United States, 1800–1997, University of Massachusetts Press (originally presented at the conference on Historical Perspectives on Alcohol and Drug Use in American Society, 1800–1997, sponsored by the Francis Clark Wood Institute for the.
41.
History of Medicine of the College of Physicians of Philadelphia, 9–11 May 1997), forthcoming.
42.
RoizenR., The American Discovery of Alcoholism, 1933–1939, Ph.D. dissertation, sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 1991.
43.
RoizenR., “The Great Controlled-Drinking Controversy,” pp. 245–279 in GalanterM. (ed.), Recent Developments in Alcoholism, Vol. 5, New York: Plenum, 1987.
44.
RoizenR.KerrW.C., and FillmoreK.M., “Cirrhosis mortality and per capita consumption of distilled spirits, United States, 1949–94: Trend analysis,”British Medical Journal319:666–670, 1999.
45.
RoizenR. and MilkesJ., “The strange case of the Jellinek formula's sex ratio,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol41:682–692, 1980.
46.
RoomR., 1978 [1970–1971], “Evaluating the Effects of Drinking Laws on Drinking,” pp. 267–289, 414–419 in EwingJ.A. and RouseB.A. (eds.), Drinking: Alcohol in American Society—Issues and Current ResearchChicago: Nelson-Hall, 1978 (written in 1970–1971; see Room [1984, p. 315, ref. no. 771]).
47.
RoomR., Governing Images of Alcohol and Drug Problems: The Structure, Sources and Sequels of Conceptualization of Intractable Problems, Ph.D. dissertation, sociology, University of California, Berkeley, 1978.
48.
RoomR., “Alcohol control and public health,”Annual Review of Public Health5:293–317, 1984.
49.
RoomR., “Social Science Research and Alcohol Policy Making,” pp. 315–339 in RomanP.M. (ed.), Alcohol—The Development of Sociological Perspectives on Use and AbuseNew Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers Center of Alcohol Studies, 1991.
50.
RoomR, “Introduction,” pp. xi–xiv in SmartR.G. and OgborneA.C., Northern Spirits: A Social History of Alcohol in Canada, 2nd ed., Toronto: ARF, 1996.
51.
SchmidtD.N., “Apparent risk factors for chronic and acute pancreatitis in Stockholm County: Spirits but not wine and beer,”International Journal of Pancreatitis8:45–50, 1991.
52.
SchmidtW., “Agreement, Disagreement in Experimental, Clinical and Epidemiological Evidence on the Etiology of Alcoholic Liver Cirrhosis: A Comment,” pp. 19–30 in KhannaJ.M. (eds.), Alcoholic Liver PathologyToronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1975.
53.
SchmidtW., “Cirrhosis and Alcohol Consumption: An Epidemiological Perspective,” pp. 15–47 in EdwardsG. and GrantM. (eds.), Alcoholism: New Knowledge and New ResponsesBaltimore, London, Tokyo: University Park Press, 1977a.
54.
SchmidtW., “The Epidemiology of Cirrhosis of the Liver: A Statistical Analysis of Mortality Data with Special Reference to Canada,” pp. 1–26 in FisherM.M. and RankinJ.G. (eds.), Alcohol and the LiverNew York and London: Plenum Press, 1977b.
55.
SchmidtW. and BronettoJ., “Death from liver cirrhosis and specific alcoholic beverage consumption: An ecological study,”American Journal of Public Health52:1473–1482, 1962.
56.
SeeleyJ.R., “Estimating the prevalence of alcoholism: A critical analysis of the Jellinek formula,”Quarterly Journal of Studies on Alcohol20:245–254, 1959.
57.
SeeleyJ.R., “Death by liver cirrhosis and the price of beverage alcohol,”Canadian Medical Association Journal83:1361–1366, 1960.
58.
SeeleyJ.R., “Alcoholism Is a Disease: Implications for Social Policy,” pp. 586–593 in PittmanD.J. and SnyderC.R. (eds.), Society, Culture, and Drinking PatternsCarbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press (and London and Amsterdam: Feffer & Simons, Inc.), 1962.
59.
SelzerM.I.VinokurA., and WilsonT.D., “A psychosocial comparison of drunken drivers and alcoholics,”Journal of Studies on Alcohol38:1294–1312, 1977.
60.
SkogO.-J., “Liver cirrhosis epidemiology: Some methodological problems,”British Journal of Addiction75:227–243, 1980a.
61.
SkogO.-J., “Is alcohol consumption lognormally distributed?”British Journal of Addiction75:169–173, 1980b.
62.
SmartR.G., “The effect of licencing restrictions during 1914–1918 on drunkenness and liver cirrhosis deaths in Britain,”British Journal of Addiction69:109–121, 1974.
63.
SmartR.G., “Journal interview-41: Conversation with Reg Smart,”Addiction93:9–15, 1998.
64.
SmartR.G. and OgborneA., Northern Spirits: Drinking in Canada Then and NowToronto: Addiction Research Foundation, 1986.
65.
SmithD.I. and BurvillP.W., “Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis morbidity and mortality in Western Australia, 1971–82: Some preliminary findings,”Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 15:35–45, 1985.
66.
TerrisM., “Epidemiology of cirrhosis of the liver: National mortality data,”American Journal of Public Health57:2076–2088, 1967.
67.
TerrisM., personal communication (e-mail, Thu, 8 Jan 1998, 13:40:45 [EST]).
68.
TuynsA.J.EsteveJ., and PequignotG., “Ethanol is cirrhogenic, whatever the beverage,”British Journal of Addiction79:389–393, 1984.
69.
WallgrenH., “Alcoholism and alcohol consumption,”Alkoholpolitik23:177–179, 1960 (cited in Schmidt, 1975).
