Using interviews and observations, this article analyzes the practices and meanings of drinking and cannabis use among 32 Finnish non-professional young adult rock musicians, mostly male, in the late J 990s. The practices of drinking and marijuana use are described in certain social contexts, thus showing how substance use and music-making coexist and intertwine. The results illustrate a tight and complex, yet contradictory, connection between music-making and substances. Drinking is experienced as an unavoidable part of amateur band life. The article also presents a brief review of studies of substance use among popular musicians and of research on non-professional rock musicians. Although these two fields have remained relatively separate, it is argued that a closer connection between them would provide new, more complex insights into the everday life of musicians and into gendered processes in rock music.
ApoSatu (1999). Alkoholi ja kulttuuriset tunteet. (Alcohol and Cultural Emotions.) In: NäreSari (ed.) Tunteiden sosiologiaa II. Historiaa ja säätelyä. (Sociology of Emotions II. History and Control.)Helsinki: Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seura.
2.
ArnettJeffrey Jensen (1996). Metalheads. Heavy Metal Music and Adolescent Alienation. Boulder: Westview Press.
3.
BaumeisterRoy F. (1984). Acid Rock: A Critical Reappraisal and Psychological Commentary. Journal of Psychoactive Drugs16(4): 339–345.
4.
BaytonMavis (1998). Frock Rock. Women Performing Popular Music. Oxford & New York: Oxford University Press.
5.
BeckerHoward S. (1963). Outsiders. Studies in the Sociology of Deviance. New York: The Free Press.
6.
BennetStithH. (1980). On Becoming a Rock Musician. Amherst: University of Massachusetts Press.
7.
BergerHarris M. (1999). Metal, Rock and Jazz. Perception and the Phenomenology of Musical Experience. Hanover and London: Wesleyan University Press.
8.
BerkaakOdd-Are (1999). Entangled Dreams and Twisted Memories: Order and Disruption in Local Music Making. Young7(1): 25–42.
9.
BerkaakOdd-Are & RuudEven (1994). Sunwheels. Fortellinger om et rockeband. (Sunwheels. Narratives of a Rock Band.) Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.
10.
BoydJenny (1992). Musicians in Tune. New York: Simon and Schuster.
11.
BretteKatherine (1986). The Curse Has Been Lifted. 10 tjejband i Làt tusen stenar rulla. (10 All-Female Bands in a Music Education Project ‘Låt tusen stenar rulla’.) Musikvetenskapliga Institutionen, Göteborgs Universitet, Gothenburg.
12.
CavanSherri (1966). Liquor License. An Ethnography of Bar Behavior. Chicago: Aldine Publishing Company.
13.
CheskyKris S. & HippleJohn (1999). Musicians' Perceptions of Widespread Drug Use Among Musicians. Medical Problems of Performing Artists14: 187–195.
14.
ClawsonMary Ann (1999). Masculinity and Skill Acquisition in the Adolescent Rock Band. Popular Music18(1): 99–114.
15.
CohenSara (1991). Rock Culture in Liverpool. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
16.
ColemanRay (1986). Survivor: The Authorized Biography of Eric Clapton. London: Sidgwick & Jackson.
CurryAndrew E. (1968). Drugs in Jazz and Rock Music. Clinical Toxology1(2): 235–244.
19.
EconomouKonstantin (1994,). Making Music Work. Culturing Youth in an Institutional Setting. Linköping Studies in Arts and Science, vol. 100. Linköping University.
20.
FalkPasi & SulkunenPekka (1983). Drinking on the Screen. An Analysis of a Mythical Male Fantasy in Finnish Films. Social Science Information22(3): 387–410.
21.
FinneganRuth (1989). The Hidden Musicians. Music-Making in an English Town. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
22.
FornäsJohanLindbergUlf, & SernhedeOve (1989). Under rocken. Musikens roll i tre unga band. Stockholm: Symposion Bokförlag. (An English version, “In Garageland: Rock, Youth, and Modernity,” was published in 1995 by Routledge.)
23.
FriedmanMyra (1992). Buried Alive: The Biography of Janis Joplin. New York: Harmony Books.
24.
GroceStephen B. (1991). What's the Buzz? Rethinking the Meanings and Uses of Alcohol and Other Drugs Among Small-Time Rock'n'Roll Musicians. Deviant Behavior12: 361–384.
25.
HolmilaMarja (1988). Wives, Husbands and Alcohol. A Study of Informal Drinking Control Within the Family. Helsinki: The Finnish Foundation of Alcohol Studies, Volume 36.
26.
HopkinsJerry and SugermanDaniel (1980). No One Here Gets Out Alive. London: Plexus.
27.
InmanChris (1996). Friendships Among Men: Closeness in the Doing. In WoodJulia T. (ed.) Gendered Relationships. Mountain View, CA: Mayfield Publishing Company.
28.
KnuuttilaJarna (1997). Rockia soittavat tytöt. Rockinsoittoharrastus nuoruusiän ja sukupuolijärjestelmän näkökulmista. (Young women who play rock music.) Psykologian tutkimuksia no. 19, Joensuun yliopisto. (Psychological reports. University of Joensuu, Finland.)
29.
KontulaOsmo (1997). Huumeet Suomessa 1990-luvulla. (Drugs in Finland in the 1990s.) Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriön monisteita 27. Helsinki: Sosiaali- ja terveysministeriö.
30.
LewisGeorge H. (1980). Popular Music, Musical Preferences and Drug Use Among Youth. Popular Music and Society7: 176–181.
31.
LorentzenAnne (2000). Kjønnet eller frikjønnet? Rock som diskursiv praksis. (Gendered or gender-free? Rock as discursive practice.) Hovedfagsoppgave i sosiologi, Universitet i Bergen. (Master's thesis in sociology, Bergen University, Norway.)
32.
LorentzenAnne (2001). Kvinnelige rockeartister—kuriøse sjarmtroll eller respekterte musikere? (Female rock artists—charming curiosities or respectable musicians?) Forthcoming in Kvinneforskning25(3).
33.
MacAndrewCraig & EdgertonRobert B. (1969). Drunken Comportment. A Social Explanation. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.
34.
MustonenHeliMetsoLeenaPaakkanenPirjoSimpuraJussi & KaivonurmiMarja (1999). Finnish Drinking Habits in 1968, 1976, 1984, 1992 and 1996. Tables and Publications Based on Finnish Drinking Habits Surveys. Helsinki: National Research and Development Centre for Welfare and Health (STAKES), Themes 7/1999.
35.
NormanPhilip (1984). Symphony for the Devil: The Rolling Stones Story. New York: Linden Press/Simon & Schuster.
36.
öhlundThomas (1988). Rockbandet. Kultur og läroprocess hos en kamratgrupp i yngre tonåren. (A Rock Band. Culture and Learning Processes in a Peer Group in Early Adolescence.)Studier i socialt arbete vid Umeå Universitet. Studies in Social Work at the University of Umeå, Sweden.
37.
PartanenJuha (1991). Sociability and Intoxication. Alcohol and Drinking in Kenya, Africa, and the Modern World. The Finnish Foundation for Alcohol Studies, vol. 39. Jyväskylä: Gummerus.
38.
PartanenJuha (1992). Herooinen juominen, myyttinen humala ja suomalainen viinapää. (Heroic drinking, mythical intoxication and Finnish drunkenness.)Alkoholipolitiikka57(6): 377–383.
39.
PyöräläEeva (1991: 183). Nuorten aikuisten juomakulttuuri Suomessa ja Espanjassa. (Drinking culture among young adults in Finland and Spain.) Alkoholipoliittisen tutkimuslaitoksen tutkimusseloste (Reports from The Social Research Institute of Alcohol Studies). Helsinki: Hakapaino Oy.
40.
RaeburnSusan D. (1987a). Occupational Stress and Coping in a Sample of Professional Rock Musicians. Part One. Medical Problems of Performing Artists2: 41–48.
41.
RaeburnSusan D. (1987b). Occupational Stress and Coping in a Sample of Professional Rock Musicians. Part Two. Medical Problems of Performing Artists2: 77–82.
42.
RaeburnSusan D. (2000). Psychological Issues and Treatment Strategies in Popular Musicians. A Review, Part 2. Medical Problems of Performing Artists15(1): 6–16.
43.
SardielloRobert (1994). Secular Rituals in Popular Culture: A Case for Grateful Dead Concerts and Dead Head Identity. In EpsteinJonathon S. (ed.) Adolescents and Their Music. New York: Garland Publishing.
44.
Severinkangas-KangasEija (1996). Bändisoiton merkitysjärjestelmä. (The meanings of music-making in a rock band.) Syventävien opintojen tutkielma, Oulun yliopisto, kasvatustieteiden tiedekunta. MA thesis in education. University of Oulu, Finland.
45.
ShankBarry (1994). Dissonant Identities: The Rock'n'Roll Scene in Austin, Texas. Hanover, NH: Wesleyan University Press.
46.
ShapiroHarry (1988). Waiting for the Man. The Story of Drugs and Popular Music. London: Quartet Books.
47.
SimpuraJussiMustonenHeli & PaakkanenPirjo (1993). Uudet juomat, uudet tilanteet. Juomatapojen muutokset Suomessa ja EY-maissa 1980-luvun puolivälin jälkeen. (New beverages, new contexts. The changes in drinking habits in Finland and the European Community from 1985). Alkoholipolitiikka58(4): 245–258.
48.
SkjerdalMariann (1997). She Is a Rebel! Hovedoppgave i sosialantropologi. Universitetet i Trondheim. MA thesis in social anthropology. University of Trondheim, Norway.
49.
Soilevuo GrønnerødJarna (2000). Humour and Laughter in Interviews. Paper presented at Nyris 7, Nordic Youth Studies Symposium, Helsinki 7–10.6.2000.
50.
Soilevuo GrønnerødJarna (2001). Laughter in Research Interviews. Unpublished manuscript.
51.
VingeJohn (1999). Jenter, rock og den maskuline virkeligheten. (Young women, rock and the masculine realities.) Hovedfagsoppgave i musikkpedagogikk, Høgskolen i Bergen/Griegakademiet. MA thesis in music education, University of Bergen, Norway.
52.
WeinsteinDeena (1991). Heavy Metal. A Cultural Sociology. New York: Lexington Books.
53.
WhiteAvron Levine (1987). A Professional Jazz Group. In WhiteAvron Levine (ed.) Lost in Music: Culture, Style and the Musical Event. London and New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul.
54.
WhiteleySheila (ed.) (1997). Sexing the Groove. Popular Music and Gender. Cornwall: Routledge.
55.
WillisPaul E. (1976). The Cultural Meaning of Drug Use. In: HallStuart and JeffersonTony (eds.) Resistance Through Rituals. London: Hutchinson.
56.
WillsGeoff and CooperCary L. (1988). Pressure Sensitive. Popular Musicians Under Stress. Bristol: Sage.
57.
WinickCharles (1959–60). The Use of Drugs by Jazz Musicians. Social Problems7: 240–254.
