Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

We conducted a quantitative, interdisciplinary study that investigated how financial concerns and varying family connections influence the retirement choices of Latiné immigrants in terms of returning to their country of origin. We hypothesized that being worried about one's finances for retirement, and having strong transnational ties, would lead to familial expectations to return to one's country of origin. Through data collected from a survey through Qualtrics, we found that higher levels of financial worry significantly affected greater familial expectations to return to their country of origin. The transnational ties that influenced the families’ expectations to return to their country of origin was having children, friends, and family not residing in the U.S. Following our findings, we discuss potential future directions and implications relating to transnational ties, remittances, and older Latiné immigrants.

Keywords

aging decision making ethnicity family retirement social network

Get full access to this article

View all access options for this article.

References

Aguilera

M. B.

(2004). Deciding where to retire: Intended retirement location choices of formerly undocumented Mexican migrants. Social Science Quarterly, 85(2), 340–360. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2004.08502008.x

Amuedo-Dorantes

Mundra

(2007). Social networks and their impact on the earnings of Mexican migrants. Demography, 44(4), 849–863. http://www.jstor.org/stable/30053122 https://doi.org/10.1353/dem.2007.0039

Arevalo

McNaughton-Cassill

(2016). The role of collectivism among Latino American college students. Journal of Latinos and Education, 15(1), 3–11. https://doi.org/10.1080/15348431.2015.1045143

Ayón

Naddy

M. B. G.

(2013). Latino immigrant families’ social support networks: Strengths and limitations during a time of stringent immigration legislation and economic insecurity. Journal of Community Psychology, 41(3), 359–377. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.21542

Beaton

Cerovic

Galdamez

Hadzi-Vaskow

Loyola

Koczan

Lissovolik

Martijn

J. K.

Ustyugova

Wong

(2017). Migration and remittances in Latin America and the Caribbean: Engines of growth and macroeconomic stabilizers? (Working Paper WP/17/144). International Monetary Fund. https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2017/06/29/Migration-and-Remittances-in-Latin-America-and-the-Caribbean-Engines-of-Growth-and-44956

Belliveau

Soucy

K. I.

Yakovenko

(2022). The validity of qualtrics panel data for research on video gaming and gaming disorder. Experimental and Clinical Psychopharmacology, 30(4), 424–431. https://doi.org/10.1037/pha0000575

Blanco

L. R.

Aguila

Gongora

Duru

O. K.

(2017). Retirement planning among Hispanics: In God's hands? Journal of Aging & Social Policy, 29(4), 311–331. https://doi.org/10.1080/08959420.2016.1272161

Brown

S. K.

Bean

F. D.

(2005). International migration. In Poston

D. L.

Micklin

(Eds.), Handbook of population (pp. 347–382). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publisher.

Cauce

A. M.

Domenech-Rodríguez

(2002). Latino families: Myths and realities. In Contreras

J. M.

Kerns

K. A.

Neal-Barnett

A. M.

(Eds.), Latino children and families in the United States: Current research and future directions (pp. 3–25). Praeger Publishers/Greenwood Publishing Group.

10.

Cheong

A. R.

Massey

D. S.

(2019). Undocumented and unwell: Legal status and health among Mexican migrants. International Migration Review, 53(2), 571–601. https://doi.org/10.1177/0197918318775924

11.

Constant

Massey

D. S.

(2002). Return migration by German guestworkers: Neoclassical versus new economic theories. International Migration, 40(4), 5–38. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00204

12.

DaVanzo

J. S.

Morrison

P. A.

(1981). Return and other sequences of migration in the United States. Demography, 18(1), 85–101. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.2307/2061051

13.

Downer

Garcia

M. A.

Saenz

Markides

K. S.

Wong

(2018). The role of education in the relationship between age of migration to the United States and risk of cognitive impairment among older Mexican Americans. Research on Aging, 40(5), 411–431. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027517701447

14.

Dustmann

(1997). Return migration, uncertainty and precautionary savings. Journal of Development Economics, 52(2), 295–316. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3878(96)00450-6

15.

Dustmann

(2003). Return migration, wage differentials, and the optimal migration duration. European Economic Review, 47(2), 353–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-2921(01)00184-2

16.

França

L. H. F.

Hershey

D. A.

(2018). Financial preparation for retirement in Brazil: A cross-cultural test of the interdisciplinary financial planning model. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 33(1), 43–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-018-9343-y

17.

Fuligni

A. J.

Tseng

Lam

(1999). Attitudes toward family obligations among American adolescents with Asian, Latin American, and European backgrounds. Child Development, 70(4), 1030–1044. https://www.jstor.org/stable/1132260 https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8624.00075

18.

Gupta

Hershey

D. A.

(2016). Cross-national differences in goals for retirement: The case of India and the United States. Journal of Cross-Cultural Gerontology, 31(3), 221–236. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10823-016-9298-9

19.

Gupta

Hershey

D. A.

(2017). Time perspective as an antecedent of trust in a manager and its impact on employee attitudes. Time & Society, 28(1), 124–152. https://doi.org/10.1177/0961463X17716552

20.

Gutierrez

H. C.

Hershey

D. A.

(2013). Impact of retirement worry on information processing. Journal of Neuroscience, Psychology, and Economics, 6(4), 264–277. https://doi.org/10.1037/npe0000013

21.

Hardy

(2011). Rethinking retirement. In Settersten

R. A.

Angel

J. L.

Jr . (Eds.), Handbook of sociology of ageing (pp. 213–227). Springer.

22.

Hershey

Henkens

van Dalen

H. P.

(2010). Aging and financial planning for retirement: Interdisciplinary influences viewed through a cross-cultural lens. International Journal of Aging & Human Development, 70(1), 1–38. https://doi.org/10.2190/AG.70.1.a

23.

Hershey

D. A.

Henkens

van Dalen

H. P.

(2007). Mapping the minds of retirement planners: A cross-cultural perspective. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 38(3), 361–382. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107300280

24.

Hershey

D. A.

Mowen

J. C.

(2000). Psychological determinants of financial preparedness for retirement. The Gerontologist, 40(6), 687–697. https://doi.org/10.1093/geront/40.6.687

25.

Kim

K. T.

Hanna

S. D.

(2015). Do U.S. households perceive their retirement preparedness realistically? Financial Services Review, 24(2), 139–155. https://search.proquest.com/docview/1685862651

26.

Kirdar

M. G.

(2009). Labor market outcomes, savings accumulation, and return migration. Labour Economics, 16(4), 418–428. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.labeco.2009.01.004

27.

Kiso

Rudderow

A. L.

Wong

J. D.

(2019). Financial and parental stress as predictors of retirement worry. Journal of Financial Therapy, 10(1), 30–44. https://doi.org/10.4148/1944-9771.1165

28.

Koposko

J. L.

Kiso

Hershey

D. A.

Gerrans

(2016). Perceptions of retirement savings relative to peers. Work, Aging and Retirement, 2(1), 65–72. https://doi.org/10.1093/workar/wav019

29.

Kropp

P. S.

(2006). California vieja: Culture and memory in a modern American place. University of California Press.

30.

Laoire

(2007). The ‘green green grass of home’? Return migration to rural Ireland. Journal of Rural Studies, 23(3), 332–344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2007.01.005

31.

Loschmann

Siegel

(2015). Revisiting the motivations behind remittance behavior: Evidence of debt-financed migration from Afghanistan. Migration Letters, 12(1), 38–49. https://doi.org/10.33182/ml.v12i1.255

32.

Lusardi

Mitchell

O. S.

(2007). Financial literacy and retirement preparedness: Evidence and implications for financial education programs. (Working Paper 2007–568). Wharton Pension Research Council Working Papers. https://repository.upenn.edu/prc_papers/568

33.

Marks

Rios-Vargas

(2021) Improvements to the 2020 census race and Hispanic origin question designs, data processing, and coding procedures . United States Census Bureau. https://www.census.gov/newsroom/blogs/random-samplings/2021/08/improvements-to-2020-census-race-hispanic-origin-question-designs.html

34.

Massey

D. S.

Espinosa

K. E.

(1997). What's driving Mexico-U.S. migration? A theoretical, empirical, and policy analysis. American Journal of Sociology, 102(4), 939–999. https://doi.org/10.1086/231037

35.

Massey

D. S.

Riosmena

(2010). Undocumented migration from Latin America in an era of rising U.S. enforcement. The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 630(1), 294–321. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716210368114

36.

Mooney

(2003). Migrants’ social ties in the U.S. and investment in Mexico. Social Forces, 81(4), 1147–1170. https://doi.org/10.1353/sof.2003.0066

37.

Muñoz

J. A.

Collazo

J. L.

(2014). Looking out for Paisanos: Latino hometown associations as transnational advocacy networks. Migration and Development, 3(1), 130–141. https://doi.org/10.1080/21632324.2014.885260

38.

Neukam

K. A

Hershey

D. A.

(2003). Financial inhibition, financial activation, and saving for retirement. Financial Services Review, 12(1), 19–37. https://search.proquest.com/docview/212012243

39.

Orrenius

P. M.

Zavodny

(2009). The effects of tougher enforcement on the job prospects of recent Latin American immigrants. Journal of Policy, Analysis, and Management, 28(2), 239–257. https://doi.org/10.1002/pam.20425

40.

Ortiz

(1996). Migration and marriage among Puerto Rican women. The International Migration Review, 30(2), 460–484. https://doi.org/10.1177/019791839603000204

41.

Otero

L. R.

(2010). La calle: Spatial conflicts and urban renewal in a southwest city. University of Arizona Press.

42.

Portes

(1998). Social capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 1–24. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.24.1.1

43.

Quine

Bernard

Kendig

(2006). Understanding baby boomers’ expectations and plans for their retirement: Findings from a qualitative study. Australasian Journal on Ageing, 25(3), 145–150. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1741-6612.2006.00170.x

44.

Ratha

(2018, May 31). What are remittances? Finance and Development. https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/basics/76-remittances.htm#:∼:text=Remittances%20are%20especially%20important%20for,GDP%20for%20middle%2Dincome%20countries

45.

Reyes

B. I.

(1997). Dynamics of immigration: Return migration to western Mexico. Public Policy Institute of California.

46.

Reyes

B. I.

(2001). Immigrant trip duration: The case of immigrants from western Mexico. The International Migration Review, 35(4), 1185–1204. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2001.tb00057.x

47.

Rogers

(1991). Return migration, migrants’ savings, and sending countries’ economic development: Lessons from Europe. In Diaz-Briquetz

Weintraub

(Eds.), The effects of receiving country policies on migration flows (pp. 233–258). Routledge.

48.

Rooth

D. O.

Saarela

(2007). Selection in migration and return migration: Evidence from micro data. Economics Letters, 94(1), 90–95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econlet.2006.08.006

49.

Rote

Angel

J. L.

Markides

(2015). Health of elderly Mexican American adults and family caregiver distress. Research on Aging, 37(3), 306–331. https://doi.org/10.1177/0164027514531028

50.

Ruiz

V. L.

(1998). From out of the shadows: Mexican women in twentieth-century America. Oxford University Press.

51.

Stark

Taylor

J. E.

(1991). Migration incentives, migration types: The role of relative deprivation. The Economic Journal, 101(408), 1163–1178. https://doi.org/10.2307/2234433

52.

Steidel

A. G. L.

Contreras

J. M.

(2003). A new familism scale for use with Latino populations. Hispanic Journal of Behavioral Sciences, 25(3), 312–330. https://doi.org/10.1177/0739986303256912

53.

Stewart

Anderson

Beiser

Mwakarimba

Neufeld

Simich

Spitzer

(2008). Multicultural meanings of social support among immigrants and refugees. International Migration, 46(3), 123–159. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2008.00464.x

54.

Taylor

J. E.

(1999). The new economics of labour migration and the role of remittances in the migration process. International Migration, 37(1), 63–88. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2435.00066

55.

Thieme

(2014). Coming home? Patterns and characteristics of return migration in Kyrgyzstan. International Migration, 52(5), 127–143. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2435.2011.00724.x

56.

Tiemoko

(2004). Migration, return and socio-economic change in West Africa: The role of family. Population Space and Place, 10(2), 155–174. https://doi.org/10.1002/psp.320

57.

Todaro

M. P.

Maruszko

(1987). Illegal migration and US immigration reform: A conceptual framework. Population and Development Review, 13(1), 101–114. https://doi.org/10.2307/1972122

58.

U.S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. (2023). I am a lawful permanent resident of 5 years . https://www.uscis.gov/citizenship/learn-about-citizenship/citizenship-and-naturalization/i-am-a-lawful-permanent-resident-of-5-years

59.

Vega

Hirschman

(2019). The reasons older immigrants in the United States of America report for returning to Mexico. Ageing and Society, 39(4), 722–748. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0144686X17001155

60.

Vertovec

(2009). Transnationalism. Routledge.

61.

Waldinger

(2008). Between “here” and “there": Immigrant cross-border activities and loyalties. The International Migration Review, 42(1), 3–29. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-7379.2007.00112.x

62.

Yahirun

J. J.

(2014). Take me “home”: Return migration among Germany's older immigrants. International Migration, 52(4), 231–254. https://doi.org/10.1111/imig.12009

63.

Zack

E. S.

Kennedy

Long

J. S.

(2019). Can nonprobability samples be used for social science research? A cautionary tale. Survey Research Methods, 13(2), 215–227. https://doi.org/10.18148/srm/2019.v13i2.7262

64.

Zuniga

M. E.

(2002). Latino immigrants: Patterns of survival. Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment, 5(3–4), 137–155. https://doi.org/10.1300/J137v05n03_08

“Mi Familia Quiere Que Regrese”: Retired Latiné Immigrants’ Families’ Expectations to Return to Their Country of Origin

Abstract

Keywords

Get full access to this article

References