Sage Journals: Discover world-class research

Abstract

Objective

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of transdiagnostic therapy compared to progressive muscle relaxation (PMR) on emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in mothers of premature infants.

Materials and methods

This was a randomized controlled trial with two groups and pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up assessment. Included were 27 mothers randomly assigned to either the transdiagnostic therapy group or the PMR group (13 in the transdiagnostic group and 14 in the PMR group). The experimental group received eight sessions of transdiagnostic therapy while the control group received eight sessions of PMR. The participants completed the following scales: Emotion Regulation Questionnaire, Self-Compassion Scale, Maternal Role Adaptation Scale, and Work and Social Adjustment Scale.

Results

Transdiagnostic therapy was significantly more effective than PMR in improving emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment based on the between-group comparison conducted at post-test and follow-up (p < 0.01).

Conclusion

Transdiagnostic therapy was shown to be effective in improving the emotional health of mothers with premature infants and was more effective than PMR techniques.

Keywords

intensive care units neonatal emotion regulation strategies self-compassion maternal role adaptation social and work adjustment transdiagnostic therapy progressive muscle relaxation techniques

Introduction

A premature or pre-term infant is one born before the 37^th week of pregnancy.¹ Every year, 15 million premature infants are given birth.² The prevalence of pre-term birth in Iran ranges between 5.6% to 39.4%.³ Premature newborns are hospitalized in Neonatal Intensive Care Units (NICU),^4,5 whose atmosphere could affect the family⁶ and the main caregiver (the mother).⁷ Hospitalization of the infant in NICU is a stressful situation for the parents of premature infants; the members undergo negative emotions such as sadness and anxiety which can disrupt their emotion regulation strategies.⁸ Emotion regulation moderates the response to emotion in a variety of ways.⁹

On the other hand, the birth of a premature infant can interrupt maternal roles and increase mothers’ self-criticism in terms of caregiving.¹⁰ Women who fail to adapt themselves with their role as a mother, experience reductions in functions.¹¹ Breines and Chen (2012) concluded that self-compassion can improve functionality through motivation.¹² In addition, according to Mercer’s theory, a mother whose newborn is hospitalized in NICU, would have a limited time to interact with the infants.¹³

At the beginning of hospitalization, the parents of premature infants are forced to manage the obstacles by which their emotional experiences are affected.¹⁴ The significant factors regarding the effects of NICU on the parents of premature infant's adjustment include low education and previous stressful experiences.^15,16 Moreover, the unavailability of sufficient facilities could hinder adaptation and participation.¹⁷ In this regard, time management problems, organizing caregiving to the infants, and financial matters of the family, could challenge the parents of premature infants.¹⁸

According to what has been mentioned, it seems essential to conduct suitable interventions to improve mental health and adaptability for parents of premature infants. The interventions whose effectiveness on improving the psychological symptoms of parents of premature infants have been assessed include supportive interventions and various psychological treatments such as problem-solving-approach-based Counselling,¹⁹ mindfulness,²⁰ Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT) and Acceptance and Commitment Therapy (ACT),²¹ stress management using relaxation techniques²² all of which have focused on specific aspects of the psychological problems.

However, recently, considerable attention has been drawn to the transdiagnostic approach in various populations, in which mutual components in the development and continuation of psychological disorders are emphasized.²³ The unified transdiagnostic protocol is an intervention derived from CBT that focuses on emotions, targeting negative emotions and reacting to them. In this treatment, the clients become educated about adaptive emotion regulation strategies.²⁴ In transdiagnostic treatment, emotion regulation is known as a mutual factor linked with psychological pathology.^25,26 Barlow et al. (2011) designed an integrative protocol for the transdiagnostic therapy of emotional disorders.²⁷ This therapeutic method emphasizes the adaptable and functional nature of emotions and increases awareness of the role of cognitions, emotions, bodily sensations, and behaviors.²⁸

In addition, according to Bastable (2003), relaxation is another non-medical intervention that may have potentially reduced effects on anxiety.²⁹ Therefore, the current study aims to determine and compare the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy with PMR techniques on emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in mothers of premature infants.

Hypothesis:

There is a significant difference between the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy with PMR techniques on emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in mothers of premature infants.

Methods

Study Design

The current study is a randomized controlled clinical trial with two groups and pre-test, post-test, and a two-month follow-up assessment.

Research Population

All mothers whose infants were hospitalized in NICU of all hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences during the first six months of the year 2021.

Sampling Method and Sample size

The sample size in the present study was obtained based on the mean and standard deviation of negative emotion in Hooman et al.³⁰ research and according to β = 0.20 and α = 0.05. Then, a minimum sample size of 14 people was obtained for each group.

Using available sampling, 83 individuals were selected out of all mothers who had been referred to the hospitals affiliated with Shiraz University of Medical Sciences within the first half of the year 2021. Of these, 53 participants were excluded from the study (Not meeting inclusion criteria (n = 29), Declined to participate (n = 11), and other reasons (n = 16)). Afterward, 27 participants (13 people in the transdiagnostic group and 14 people in the PMR techniques group) entered the research process according to the research criteria. Finally, the participants were assigned to transdiagnostic treatment groups and PMR techniques based on the random block method (Figure 1). The participants completed the questionnaires and scales before the interventions, at the end of the interventions, and two months after the termination of the sessions (follow-up).

Figure 1.

Sampling flowchart in research (n = 27).

Inclusion Criteria for the Mothers

Giving informed consent for participating in the investigation; mother of a live, premature infant who has been admitted to the NICU for more than one week; not being simultaneously hospitalized; no history of drug, alcohol, or psychedelics abuse, not being diagnosed with chronic psychological or personality disorders; being able to read and write; not receiving concurrent psychological services; No cognitive problems (memory, concentration, etc.).

Exclusion Criteria

Not completing the questionnaires properly; having strong thoughts of suicide or attempting to commit it; and lack of interest in continuing the research process.

Procedure

First, the necessary permits were obtained. Afterward, mothers with newborns hospitalized in NICUs were informed of the study aims and the primary assessments regarding the inclusion criteria were carried out by an independent evaluator (a Master’s student of clinical psychology). The mothers who met the inclusion criteria and gave written informed consent were employed in the research. The participants in the experimental and control groups received transdiagnostic therapy (individual) and Compact Disks (CD) of PMR techniques (individual) respectively. The participants in the experimental group received the intended treatment in person. But the participants in the control group communicated with the therapists if needed after receiving the desired CD and completing each session. The interventions used in the present study were performed by two clinical psychologists (Ph.D).

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Therapy of Emotional Disorders (UP)

Transdiagnostic therapy is derived from common principles derived from empirical evidence-based psychotherapies. These principles include 1) changing the assessment of maladaptive cognitive evaluations, 2) changing the tendency to act related to disturbed emotions, 3) preventing the avoidance of emotions and 4) using processes of facing emotions.²⁷ The sessions of the transdiagnostic therapy were structured according to the model designed by Barlow et al. (2011); with eight 45–60-minute weekly sessions.^27,31 Table 1. Shows the content and objectives of the transdiagnostic therapy protocol sessions for emotional disorders.

Table 1.

The Content and Objectives of the Transdiagnostic Therapy Protocol Sessions for Emotional Disorders.

Session	Content	Objectives
One	Increasing motivation	Introducing motivation and discussing its importance of it, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of change and remaining in the current situation, setting specific goals, determining realistic steps for achieving the main goals
Two	Psychoeducation and tracking emotional experiences	Presenting the general principles of the functional and adaptive quality of emotions, introducing three emotional components (thoughts, feelings, and behaviors), explaining the concept of Emotion-Driven Behaviors (EDBs)
Three	Awareness of emotions	Review the assignments of the previous session, introduce and practice non-judgmental emotional mindfulness, employ mood induction techniques
Four	Assessment and change of cognitive assessment	Review the assignments of the previous session, explaining the reciprocating relation between thoughts and emotions, introducing automatic assessment, introducing and identifying common thinking traps, introducing cognitive assessment, and increasing flexibility in thinking
Five	Avoiding emotions and EDBs	Review the assignments of the previous session, introducing the concept of avoiding emotions, providing information on strategies for avoiding emotions and their role in the vicious circle of negative reactions, proving the contradictory effects of emotional avoidance, reintroduction to the emotion-driven behaviors and the necessity of coping them, identifying the maladaptive EDBs and coming up with alternative behaviors
Six	Gaining awareness of bodily sensations and tolerating them	Review the assignments of the previous session, identifying emotion-related bodily sensations, gaining a deeper understanding of the role of physical sensations in the determination of emotional reactions, practicing symptom induction for experiencing unpleasant physical sensations
Seven	Exposure to internal and external emotion triggers	Review the assignments of the previous session, comprehending the reasons for exposure to endogenous emotions, creating emotional and situational avoidance hierarchies, practicing exposure to effective and strong emotions
Eight	Achievements, keeping the achievements and relapse prevention	Review the assignments of the previous session, reviewing the required skills for coping emotions, evaluating therapeutic progress, identification of the potential and common triggers, promoting and encouraging the generalization of the acquired skills and setting goals for continuous improvement

Guidance on PMR Techniques

The structure of the PMR techniques sessions was based upon the education provided by Bernstein and Borkovec (1973) translated by Sahebi and included eight 45–60-minute weekly sessions.³² Table 2. Shows the content of the PMR techniques sessions.

Table 2.

The Content of the PMR Techniques Sessions.

Session	Content
1	Familiarization with the nature of stress, anxiety, and the rationale behind relaxation
2‐3	Contraction and relaxation of 16 muscle groups
4‐5	Contraction and relaxation of seven muscle groups
6‐7	Contraction and relaxation of four muscle groups
8	Contraction and relaxation of four muscle groups with reminders

Measurement Tools

Demographic Information Form

This researcher-made questionnaire item is regarding the age, education, and socio-economic status of the mothers and the duration of hospitalization for the newborns.

Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)

Designed by Gross and John (2003), this scale consists of 10 items that examine emotion regulation strategies namely cognitive reappraisal (six items) and suppression (four items). All items are scored on a seven-point Likert scale from 1 = strongly disagree to 7 = strongly agree.³³ The psychometric properties of this instrument have been studied and confirmed in previous investigations.^33,34

Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)

Developed by Neff (2003), this 26-item instrument is scored on a Likert scale of five points (from 1 = almost never to 5 = almost always). This scale evaluates three dual components.³⁵ The psychometric properties of this scale have been studied and confirmed in previous investigations.^35,36

Maternal Role Adaptation Questionnaire

Consisting of 32 items, this scale was compiled by Heydarpour et al. (2016). The scores for all items are determined on a five-point Likert scale (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree). the intra-cluster correlation of 0.81 and Cronbach’s alpha for this questionnaire is 0.77 in the population of mothers with premature infants.³⁷

Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS)

The work and Social Adjustment Scale was created by Mundt et al. (2002). This scale includes five items and aims to examine functional impairments. The items are scored on a nine-point Likert scale from 0 = no impairment to 8 = severe impairment. A lower score indicates a more appropriate adaptation.³⁸ The psychometric properties of this scale have been studied and confirmed in previous investigations.^30,38

Data Analysis

SPSS-25 was utilized in order to analyze the collected data. To examine the descriptive and demographic data in the current investigation, descriptive indexes, the Chi-square test, Fisher’s exact test, and independent T-test were performed. Moreover, to evaluate the hypothesis research, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA), and univariate analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) were used. The results were analyzed at a significance level of 0.95.

Results

27 mothers (13 people in the transdiagnostic group and 14 people in the PMR techniques group) with infants hospitalized in NICUs participated in the present research. Table 3. shows the baseline characteristics of the intervention and active control group (n = 27).

Table 3.

Baseline Characteristics of Intervention and Active Control Group (n = 27).

Demographic variables		Transdiagnostic therapy group (n = 13)		PMR techniques group (n = 14)		Homogeneity
Demographic variables		Frequency	Percent	Frequency	Percent	Statistics	p-value
Level of education	Middle School	3	23.1	2	14.3	2	.632^*
	Diploma and Associate	5	38.5	5	35.7
	Bachelor and Master	4	30.8	7	50
	Physician (General or Specialist)	1	7.7	-	-
Socio-economic status	Low	3	23.1	2	14.3	2.63	.305^*
	Medium	8	61.5	12	85.7
	High	2	15.4	-	-
		M	SD	M	SD	t	p-value
Age mother		28.46	3.60	30.21	4.08	−1.18	.249^**
Duration of hospitalization for infants (Day)		15.69	5.01	18.79	8.58	−1.13	.268^**

Note: * Fisher's exact test; ** Independent T-test; M = Mean; SD = standard deviation.

As can be seen in Table 3, there is no significant difference between the transdiagnostic and PMR techniques groups in terms of the level of education, socio-economic status, age of mothers, and duration of hospitalization for infants (p > 0.05). Table 4. demonstrates the descriptive indexes and the results of the independent t-test of both groups for the following components: emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment (n = 27).

Table 4.

The Descriptive Indexes and the Results of the Independent T-Test of Both Groups for Emotion Regulation Strategies, Self-Compassion, Maternal Role Adaptation, and Social and Work Adjustment (n = 27).

Variable		Stage	Transdiagnostic therapy group (n = 13)		PMR techniques group (n = 14)		Independent T-test
Variable		Stage	M	SD	M	SD	t	p-value
Emotion regulation strategies	suppression	Pre-test	18.15	2.54	15.43	2.53	2.79	.010
		Post-test	7.08	1.32	10.86	2.28	−5.21	<.001
		Follow-up	8.46	1.76	12	2.15	−4.66	<.001
	reappraisal	Pre-test	19.23	4.02	22.28	4.70	−1.81	.083
		Post-test	26.69	2.01	21.57	2.85	5.35	<.001
		Follow-up	30.23	3.63	21.93	2.61	6.85	<.001
Self-compassion		Pre-test	75.92	4.92	72.21	4.17	2.12	.044
		Post-test	86.31	5.36	76.07	6.73	4.35	<.001
		Follow-up	85.46	4.29	76.86	6.79	3.90	.001
Maternal role adaptation		Pre-test	110.77	7.20	116.07	4.18	−2.32	.032
		Post-test	128.77	7.08	120.78	6.77	2.99	.006
		Follow-up	131.61	4.77	122.50	5.72	4.48	<.001
Social and work adjustment		Pre-test	22.54	4.27	18.71	4.98	2.13	.043
		Post-test	14.08	1.55	16.14	2.68	−2.42	.023
		Follow-up	12.31	1.97	15	2.77	−2.88	.008

As it is presented in Table 4, and according to the independent t-test results in the pre-test assessments, there is a significant difference between the transdiagnostic and PMR techniques groups in terms of emotion regulation strategies (suppression component), self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment (p < 0.05). Therefore, to control between-group differences in the pre-test, MANCOVA and ANCOVA tests were performed. All the relevant pre-assumptions were considered and confirmed (p > 0.05). In order to compare the emotion regulation strategies in the transdiagnostic therapy intervention group and the PMR techniques control group in the post-test and follow-up phases, MANCOVA analysis was used. Since both components (suppression and reappraisal) are taken from the same instrument and ultimately show the regulation of the individual's emotion, MANCOVA was used to investigate their multivariate effect.

Based on MANCOVA results, it was shown that, is a significant difference between the transdiagnostic therapy and PMR techniques groups in post-test and follow-up in at least one of the components of emotion regulation strategies. According to the effect sizes (Eta), the transdiagnostic therapy can respectively in the post-test and follow-up explain 57% and 53% of the variance in between-group differences of the components of emotion regulation strategies. Therefore, to detect the point of difference between the groups, ANCOVA based on MANCOVA was utilized. In Table 5, the results of ANCOVA based on MANCOVA for detecting the between-group differences of the emotion regulation strategies’ components in the post-test and follow-up stages, and the ANCOVA results for self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in post-test and follow-up are presented (n = 27).

Table 5.

The Results of ANCOVA Based on MANCOVA for Detecting the Between-Group Differences of the Emotion Regulation Strategies’ Components in Post-Test and Follow-Up Stages, and the ANCOVA Results for Self-Compassion, Maternal Role Adaptation, and Social and Work Adjustment in Post-Test and Follow-up (n = 27).

Test	Stage	Variable	Source	SS	df	MS	F	p-value	Effect size (Eta)
ANCOVA based on MANCOVA	Post-test	Emotion regulation strategies (suppression components)	Group	60.48	1	60.48	15.95	.001	.41
	Post-test	Emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal components)	Group	93.68	1	93.68	14.19	.001	.38
	Follow-up	Emotion regulation strategies (suppression components)	Group	54.35	1	54.35	12.88	.002	.36
	Follow-up	Emotion regulation strategies (reappraisal components)	Group	223.61	1	223.61	22.21	<.001	.49
	Post-test	Self-compassion	Group	437.79	1	437.79	12.35	.002	.34
ANCOVA		Maternal role adaptation	Group	422.99	1	422.99	8.60	.007	.26
		Social and work adjustment	Group	46.53	1	46.53	11.22	.003	.32
	Follow-up	Self-compassion	Group	429.65	1	429.65	12.56	.002	.35
		Maternal role adaptation	Group	368.84	1	368.84	13.17	.001	.35
		Social and work adjustment	Group	60.98	1	60.98	10.89	.003	.31

Note: SS = Sum of Squares; MS = Mean Square.

According to Table 5, the between-group differences in the post-test for suppression and reappraisal components are significant. Furthermore, the between-group differences in follow-up are significant for the same components. According to the effect sizes (Eta), the transdiagnostic therapy can respectively explain 0.41% (post-test) and 0.36% (follow-up) of the variance in between-group differences of suppression, and also explain 0.38% (post-test) and 0.49% (follow-up) of the variance in between-group differences of reappraisal.

Furthermore, as Table 5, indicates according to the ANCOVA results in the post-test, there is a significant difference between the study groups in terms of self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment. According to the effect sizes (Eta), the transdiagnostic therapy can respectively explain 0.34%, 0.26%, and 0.32% of the variances in between-group differences of self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in post-test. In addition, with respect to the ANCOVA results in follow-up, there has been a significant difference between the study groups in terms of self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment. As the effect sizes (Eta) show, it can be concluded that the transdiagnostic therapy can respectively explain 0.35%, 0.35%, and 0.31% of the variances in between-group differences of self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in the follow-up.

Discussion

The current research aimed to determine and compare the effectiveness of the transdiagnostic therapy and PMR techniques on emotion regulation strategies, self-compassion, maternal role adaptation, and social and work adjustment in mothers of premature infants. The results of the current research indicate that compared to PMR techniques, the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on emotion regulation strategies is significant. To the best of our knowledge, research has not examined the effect of transdiagnostic therapy on emotion regulation strategies for mothers of premature infants. However, in studies with different samples from the sample of the present study, it has been shown that transdiagnostic therapy is effective on emotion regulation strategies. for example, Research results done by Fernández-Martínez et al.,³⁹ Corpas et al.,⁴⁰ Soleymani et al.,⁴¹ Zemestani and Imani,⁴² and Hooman et al.,³⁰ are considered consistent with our findings. The unified transdiagnostic protocol is an intervention derived from CBT that focuses on emotions, targeting negative emotions and reacting to them. In this treatment, the clients become educated about adaptive emotion regulation strategies.²⁴ Due to their negative emotional experiences, parents of newborns hospitalized in NICUs tend to employ maladaptive emotion regulation strategies.⁸ Therefore, not only does transdiagnostic therapy emphasize positive and negative emotions, it also leads to emotion regulation and reductions in thinking traps by concentrating on emotions. For this reason, the following techniques were utilized in the current study: emotion component identification, monitoring EDBs and changing them, emotion and mood induction, nonjudgmental mindfulness, alteration of cognitive appraisals, and emotional exposure. However, what is emphasized in PMR techniques, is limited to contracting and loosening the muscles.

The results of the current research indicate that compared to PMR techniques, the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on self-compassion is significant. To the best of our knowledge, no previous investigation has shown similar results. Self-compassion requires adopting a positive attitude towards emotions in stressful situations.⁴³ Self-compassion consists of self-kindness, common humanity, and mindfulness.^44-46 Therefore, rather than self-blame, self-compassionate individuals prefer expressing kindness towards themselves when faced with unpleasant emotional situations.⁴⁷ Therapeutic mechanisms that result in improved self-compassion, rely on decreases in self-blame and reduced fear from compassion.⁴⁸ Transdiagnostic therapy focuses on emotionally proper responses in unpleasant situations.⁴⁹ For this reason, in the present study, transdiagnostic therapy could plummet the intensity of unpleasant emotions (such as Self-criticism) and pave the way for improvements in self-compassion by provoking adaptive responses to the stressful experience of infant hospitalization in NICUs. In addition, this therapeutic method included education on functions of emotions, comprehending procedures behind maladaptive appraisals, facilitation of nonjudgmental awareness, and increases in flexibility; all of which could lead to rises in self-compassion.⁴³ Rather than improving emotion regulation strategies, relaxation relies highly on bodily sensations that play a role in experiencing anxiety.^50,51 Contrarily, self-compassion requires not only reductions in the negative aspects of emotions (self-blame), but also increases in nonjudgmental mindfulness.⁴³ Thus, transdiagnostic therapy emphasizes the importance of identifying and modifying maladaptive emotional strategies and soaring positive emotional strategies in stressful situations; while PMR techniques focus solely on reducing negative emotional symptoms and mindfulness.

The results of the current study indicated that in comparison with PMR techniques, transdiagnostic therapy affected maternal role adaptation significantly. According to our knowledge, there was no previous investigation on the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on maternal role adaptation. However, in their research, Rajabi et al. (2021) reported that maternal role adaptation could be affected by a problem-solving-based intervention.¹⁹ Sohrabi et al. (2021) indicated that utilizing an educational program could affect maternal role adaptation.⁵² According to Pouyan et al. (2019), interpersonal psychotherapy could considerably affect the adaptation of mothers with premature infants to their maternal role.⁵³ Mendelson et al. (2018) indicated that a mindfulness intervention can reduce the levels of distress in mothers in NICUs.²⁰ Even though the applied interventions in these investigations differ from ours, the results demonstrated that education and psychological programs are effective on maternal role adaptation. In this regard, mothers are the main caregivers of their infants and motherhood is the most important role they take during their lives. Hospitalization of newborns in NICUs can affect the levels of maternal role adaptation of their mothers;⁵⁴ and as a result, impairments could increase in the parent-infant relationship and their attachment. Therefore, by providing these mothers with education and psychological interventions, they could gain the required skills in terms of accepting their maternal roles.⁵² Transdiagnostic therapy puts emphasis on comorbid symptoms which are expected to improve adaptation to maternal roles in stress-provoking experiences. In this respect, the following techniques were performed in the current investigation: the three-component model of emotions, identification, and modification of EDBs, nonjudgmental awareness, and identifying negative automatic thoughts using the downward arrow. However, what is emphasized in PMR techniques, is limited to contracting and loosening the muscles and reducing stress.

The results of the current study indicated that in comparison with PMR techniques, transdiagnostic therapy on social and work adjustment significantly. Based upon our knowledge, no prior studies had assessed the effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on social and work adjustment of parents of premature infants directly. But, Mohammadpour et al. (2018) however, concluded that the combination of transdiagnostic therapy and medication could significantly affect the general functions of individuals with generalized anxiety disorder.⁵⁵ To explain this finding, it could be stated that stress-provoking situations can reduce adaptability, and individuals with higher levels of adaptability experience fewer psychological problems.⁵⁶ Hospitalization of newborns in NICUs leads to changes in the work state of the parents.⁵⁷ After being admitted to the NICUs, the infants can affect the lifestyle of the family and the interactions between family members and consequently, the parents undergo functional problems. This issue can place heavy financial burdens on families.⁵⁸ To target such problems, the following techniques were applied in the transdiagnostic therapy: not avoiding unpleasant emotions, identifying negative automatic thoughts, cognitive reappraisal, the three-component model of emotions, and nonjudgmental mindfulness. It is noteworthy that the techniques utilized in PMR techniques were contracting and loosening the muscles in addition to mindfulness.

Limitations

Some of the limitations in the current research were: a lack of cooperation by some mothers and high caution in generalizing the findings to the populations of cities other than Shiraz. Also, due to the low participation of fathers in the early stages of the research, they were left out of the study in general. In addition, caution should be exercised in generalizing the results to other mothers based on their mental health. Another limitation was that the participants in the experimental group had human contact with the therapists, but the participants in the control group made this contact when needed. Therefore, it is suggested that these mothers are provided with more educational programs and psychological interventions during pregnancy or after having their infants discharged from hospitals. Also, it is suggested that the researchers carry out similar investigations in other cities of the country so that the results could be compared for higher generalizability. In addition, it is suggested that researchers investigate the effectiveness of psychological interventions on the fathers of these babies in future studies.

Conclusion

The hospitalization of infants in NICUs is considered a stress-provoking experience for mothers of premature infants. It seems vital to use educational-psychological programs and interventions that can improve the mental health and positive emotional experiences of mothers of premature infants and their adaptation to stressful conditions. Therefore, based on the results generated in the current investigation, if the findings from this study are verified in larger randomized controlled trials it is suggested that hospitals with NICUs and mental-health-related clinics use the findings of this study as a practical guide to improving the psychological health of the mothers of premature infants in NICUs.

Footnotes

Acknowledgement

The authors of the current study would like to express their deep appreciation of the staff of the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences and Shiraz University of Medical Sciences. In addition, we would like to thank all the parents who participated in this study and supported us in conducting this project.

Author Contributions

SR. SMA. AAF. AAP. Study Conception and/or Design; SR. SMA. AAF. RB. AAP. Data Processing, Collection, Perform Experiment; SR. SMA. AAP. Analysis and Interpretation of Results; SR. SMA. AAP. AAF. RB. Draft Manuscript Preparation, Visualization; SR. SMA. AAP. AAF. RB. Critical Revision or Editing of the Article; SR. SMA. AAP. AAF. RB. Final Approval of the Version to be Published; AAP. AAF. SMA. Supervision, Funding Acquisition.

Declaration of conflicting interests

The author(s) declared no potential conflicts of interest with respect to the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article.

Funding

The present research is derived from a master’s clinical psychology thesis (990821) which was financially supported by the Vice-Chancellor for Research and Technology of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences.

Ethical Approval

All procedures followed were in accordance with the ethical standards of the responsible committee on human experimentation (institutional and national) and with the Helsinki Declaration of 1975, as revised in 2000. This investigation has been approved by the ethics committee of Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences (IR.KUMS.REC.1399.809).

Informed Consent

All participants completed a written informed consent form to enter the study.

Data Availability

It is possible to access the data after coordination with the corresponding author by email.

Clinical Trial Registration

The present study has been registered in the clinical trial system in Iran () with the code IRCT20160103025817N5.

ORCID iDs

Sajjad Reisi

Aliakbar Parvizifard

References

Chrzan-Dętkoś

Karasiewicz

. Mother’s perception of preterm preschoolers in a sample of Polish women. J Reprod Infant Psychol. 2014;32:270-281.

Walani

. Global burden of preterm birth. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2020;150:31-33.

Dolatian

Mirabzadeh

Forouzan

Sajjadi

Alavi Majd

Moafi

. Preterm delivery and psycho–social determinants of health based on World Health Organization model in Iran: a narrative review. Glob J Health Sci. 2012;5:52-64.

Balakrishnan

Stephens

Burke

, et al. Impact of very low birth weight infants on the family at 3 months corrected age. Early Hum Dev. 2011;87:31-35.

Grunberg

Geller

Bonacquisti

Patterson

. NICU infant health severity and family outcomes: a systematic review of assessments and findings in psychosocial research. J Perinatol. 2019;39:156-172.

Del Fabbro

Cain

. Infant mental health and family mental health issues. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2016;16:281-284.

Williams

Patel

Stausmire

Bridges

Mathis

Barkin

. The neonatal intensive care unit: Environmental stressors and supports. IJERPH. 2018;15:60.

Fleck

. Connecting mothers and infants in the neonatal intensive care unit. Newborn Infant Nurs Rev. 2016;16:92-96.

Ehring

Tuschen-Caffier

Schnülle

Fischer

Gross

. Emotion regulation and vulnerability to depression: spontaneous versus instructed use of emotion suppression and reappraisal. Emotion. 2010;10:563-572.

10.

Fowler

Green

Elliott

Petty

Whiting

. The forgotten mothers of extremely preterm babies: A qualitative study. J Clin Nurs. 2019;28:2124-2134.

11.

Mercer

Ferketich

. Experienced and inexperienced mothers' maternal competence during infancy. Res Nurs Health. 1995;18:333-343.

12.

Breines

Chen

. Self-compassion increases self-improvement motivation. Pers Soc Psychol Bull. 2012;38:1133-1143.

13.

Mercer

. Becoming a mother versus maternal role attainment. J Nurs Scholarsh. 2004;36:226-232.

14.

Mok

Leung

. Nurses as providers of support for mothers of premature infants. J Clin Nurs. 2006;15:726-734.

15.

Rogers

Kidokoro

Wallendorf

Inder

. Identifying mothers of very preterm infants at-risk for postpartum depression and anxiety before discharge. J Perinatol. 2013;33:171-176.

16.

Alkozei

McMahon

Lahav

. Stress levels and depressive symptoms in NICU mothers in the early postpartum period. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med. 2014;27:1738-1743.

17.

Greene

Rossman

Patra

Kratovil

Khan

Meier

. Maternal psychological distress and visitation to the neonatal intensive care unit. Acta Paediatr. 2015;104:306-313.

18.

Pritchard

Montgomery-Hönger

. A comparison of parent and staff perceptions of setting-specific and everyday stressors encountered by parents with very preterm infants experiencing neonatal intensive care. Early Hum Dev. 2014;90:549-555.

19.

Rajabi

Maleki

Dadashi

Karami Tanha

. The effect of problem-solving-approach-based counselling on maternal role adaptation in women with late preterm infant: A randomized controlled trial. JCS 2021;10:62-69.

20.

Mendelson

McAfee

Damian

Brar

Donohue

Sibinga

. A mindfulness intervention to reduce maternal distress in neonatal intensive care: a mixed methods pilot study. Arch Womens Ment Health. 2018;21:791-799.

21.

Karami

Omrani

Danaei

. Comparison of the effectiveness of cognitive behavioral therapy (cbt) and acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT) on anxiety and depression in premature infants mothers. JCPS. 2018;8:139-156 [Persian].

22.

Fotiou

Vlastarakos

Bakoula

, et al. Parental stress management using relaxation techniques in a neonatal intensive care unit: A randomised controlled trial. Intensive Crit Care Nurs. 2016;32:20-28.

23.

Abasi

Fata

Sadeghi

, et al. A comparison of transdiagnostic components in generalized anxiety disorder, unipolar mood disorder and nonclinical population. Depression. 2013;8:22-23. [Persian].

24.

Barlow

Harris

Eustis

Farchione

. The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. World Psychiatry. 2020;19:245-246.

25.

Aldao

Nolen-Hoeksema

. Specificity of cognitive emotion regulation strategies: A transdiagnostic examination. Behav Res Ther. 2010;48:974-983.

26.

Aldao

Nolen-Hoeksema

Schweizer

. Emotion-regulation strategies across psychopathology: A meta-analytic review. Clin Psychol Rev. 2010;30:217-237.

27.

Barlow

Farchione

Fairholme

, et al. Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Therapist guide. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011.

28.

Farchione

Fairholme

Ellard

, et al. Unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: a randomized controlled trial. Behav Ther. 2012;43:666-678.

29.

Bastable

. Nurse as educator: Principles of teaching and learning for nursing practice. Burlington, Massachusetts, USA: Jones and Bartlett Learning; 2017.

30.

Hooman

MehrabizadehHonarmand

Zargar

, et al. The effectiveness of transdiagnostic therapy on anxiety, depression, cognitive strategies of emotional regulation, and general performance in women with comorbid anxiety and depression. J Fasa Univ Med Sci. 2016;5:551-563. [Persian].

31.

Barlow

Ellard

Fairholme

, et al. The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders: Client workbook. New York: Oxford University Press, 2011.

32.

Bernstein

Borkovec

. Progressive relaxation training: A manual for the helping professions. Champaign, USA: Research Press; 1973.

33.

Gross

John

. Individual differences in two emotion regulation processes: implications for affect, relationships, and well-being. J Pers Soc Psychol. 2003;85:348-362.

34.

Foroughi

Parvizifard

Sadeghi

Moghadam

. Psychometric properties of the persian version of the emotion regulation questionnaire. Trends Psychiatry Psychother. 2021;43:101-107.

35.

Neff

. The development and validation of a scale to measure self-compassion. Self Identity. 2003;2:223-250.

36.

Azizi

Mohammadkhani

Foroughi

, et al. The validity and reliability of the Iranian version of the self-compassion scale. JPCP. 2013;1:149-155.

37.

Heydarpour

Keshavarz

Bakhtiari

, et al. Developing and measuring psychometric properties of “maternal role adaptation instrument in mothers of preterm infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit. J of Clin Res Paramed Sci. 2016;5:187-197. [Persian].

38.

Mundt

Marks

Shear

Greist

. The work and social adjustment scale: A simple measure of impairment in functioning. Br J Psychiatry. 2002;180:461-464.

39.

Fernández-Martínez

Orgilés

Morales

Espada

Essau

. One-Year follow-up effects of a cognitive behavior therapy-based transdiagnostic program for emotional problems in young children: A school-based cluster-randomized controlled trial. J Affect Disord. 2020;262:258-266.

40.

Corpas

Moriana

Venceslá

Gálvez-Lara

. Effectiveness of brief group transdiagnostic therapy for emotional disorders in primary care: A randomized controlled trial identifying predictors of outcome. Psychother Res. 32, 2021;Published online:456-469.

41.

Soleymani

Amirfakhraei

Keramati

, et al. Comparison the effectiveness of “cognitive behavioral treatment” and “unified trans diagnostic treatment” on emotional expression and fear of intimacy in children of divorce. Journal of Health Promotion Management. 2020;9:83-95. [Persian].

42.

Zemestani

Imani

. Effectiveness of transdiagnostic treatment on depression/anxiety symptoms and emotion regulation. Contemporary Psychology. 2016;11:21-32 [Persian].

43.

Neff

Germer

. A pilot study and randomized controlled trial of the mindful self-compassion program. J Clin Psychol. 2013;69:28-44.

44.

Albertson

Neff

Dill-Shackleford

. Self-compassion and body dissatisfaction in women: A randomized controlled trial of a brief meditation intervention. Mindfulness. 2015;6:444-454.

45.

Neff

. Self-compassion: An alternative conceptualization of a healthy attitude toward oneself. Self identity. 2003;2:85-101.

46.

Neff

. The role of self-compassion in development: A healthier way to relate to oneself. Hum Dev. 2009;52:211-214.

47.

Kehtary

Heshmati

Pour Sharifi

. Investigating structural pattern of depression based on experiential avoidance and emotional repression: The mediating role of self-compassion. IJPCP. 2018;24:284-297.

48.

Cuppage

Baird

Gibson

Booth

Hevey

. Compassion focused therapy: Exploring the effectiveness with a transdiagnostic group and potential processes of change. Br J Clin Psychol. 2018;57:240-254.

49.

Grossman

Ehrenreich-May

. Using the unified protocol for Transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders with youth exhibiting anger and irritability. Cogn Behav Pract. 2020;27:184-201.

50.

Liu

Chen

Lin

Wang

Pan

. Effects of progressive muscle relaxation on anxiety and sleep quality in patients with COVID-19. Complement Ther Clin Pract. 2020; 39: 101132.

51.

Ramasamy

Panneerselvam

Govindharaj

Kumar

Nayak

. Progressive muscle relaxation technique on anxiety and depression among persons affected by leprosy. J Exerc Rehabil. 2018;14:375-381.

52.

Sohrabi

Mehdipour-Rabori

Bagherian

, et al. The effect of a training program on maternal role adaptation and self-esteem of mothers with preterm infants: a quasi-experimental study. BMC Women's Health. 2021;21:1-12.

53.

Pouyan

Kamrani

Rahimzadeh

, et al. Effect of interpersonal psychotherapy oriented child birth education on stress and role adaptation in mothers with premature birth: A randomized clinical trial. IJPBS. 2019;13:1-7.

54.

Fernández Medina

Granero-Molina

Fernández-Sola

Hernández-Padilla

Camacho Ávila

López Rodríguez

MDM

. Bonding in neonatal intensive care units: Experiences of extremely preterm infants’ mothers. Women Birth. 2018;31:325-330.

55.

Mohammadpour

Bavafa

Foroughi

, et al. Generalized anxiety disorder and comorbid symptoms of sleep: The unified protocol for transdiagnostic treatment of emotional disorders. JSS. 2018;3:80-89.

56.

Ghanbarzadeh

Mehrani

Sharifzadeh

, et al. Investigation the relationship between moral intelligence, social adjustment, and postpartum depression in women referring to Birjand health centers. Ebnesina. 2020;21:100-104. [Persian].

57.

Abuidhail

Al-Motlaq

Mrayan

Salameh

. The lived experience of Jordanian parents in a neonatal intensive care unit: A phenomenological study. Nurs Res. 2017;25:156-162.

58.

Saifan

Masa'Deh

Hall

, et al. Experiences of Jordanian mothers and fathers of children with cancer. Am J Sci. 2014;10:29-39.

Transdiagnostic therapy compared to progressive muscle relaxation on the emotional health of mothers with premature infants: A randomized controlled trial

Abstract

Objective

Materials and methods

Results

Conclusion

Keywords

Introduction

Methods

Study Design

Research Population

Sampling Method and Sample size

Inclusion Criteria for the Mothers

Exclusion Criteria

Procedure

The Unified Protocol for Transdiagnostic Therapy of Emotional Disorders (UP)

Guidance on PMR Techniques

Measurement Tools

Demographic Information Form

Emotion Regulation Questionnaire (ERQ)

Self-Compassion Scale (SCS)

Maternal Role Adaptation Questionnaire

Work and Social Adjustment Scale (WSAS)

Data Analysis

Results

Discussion

Limitations

Conclusion

Footnotes

Acknowledgement

Author Contributions

Declaration of conflicting interests

Funding

Ethical Approval

Informed Consent

Data Availability

Clinical Trial Registration

ORCID iDs

References