For a stimulating radical formulation of this argument, see Joseph Carens, "Aliens and Citizens: The Case for Open Borders," in Theorizing Citizenship, ed. Ronald Beiner ( New York: State University of New York Press, 1995), 229-55.
2.
For a collection of such views, see Gillian Brock and Harry Brighouse, eds., The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006).
3.
Giuseppe Mazzini, "Europe: Its Condition and Prospects," in Essays: Selected from the Writings, Literary, Political and Religious of Joseph Mazzini, ed. William Clark (London: Walter Scott, 1880), 266.
4.
G.A. Cohen, Rescuing Justice and Equality (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2008).
5.
Even contemporary separatist movements in the West (e.g., Quebec) tend to be at pains to emphasize their progressive social policies and inclusion of newcomers. For an interesting collection of essays sympathetic to this point , see Joseph Carens, ed., Is Quebec Nationalism Just? Perspectives from Anglophone Canada ( Montreal: McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1995).
6.
I make this argument in "Cosmopolitans, Cosmopolitanism and Human Flourishing," in The Political Philosophy of Cosmopolitanism, ed. Gillian Brock and HarryBrighouse (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), 55-74.
7.
Amartya Sen, Inequality Re-examined (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 1992), 51-53.
8.
Martha Nussbaum, Women and Human Development (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 87.
9.
Ibid., 93.
10.
Richard Arneson , "Perfectionism and Politics," Ethics111, no. 1 ( 2000): 62-63.
11.
Nussbaum, Women and Human Development, 91.
12.
Joshua Cohen , "Is There a Human Right to Democracy?" in The Egalitarian Conscience: Essays in Honour of G.A. Cohen, ed. C. Sypnowich (Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2006), 226-48.
13.
I take this argument from my "Ruling or Overruled? The People, Rights and Democracy," Oxford Journal of Legal Studies27, no. 4 (2007): 1-18.
14.
This is based on "official development assistance" as a percentage of gross national income. See Larry Nowells, "Foreign Aid: Understanding Data Used to Compare Donors,"CRS Report for Congress (January 19, 2005): 6, http://www.worldhunger.org/articles/05/us/nowels.pdf.
15.
David Miller , National Responsibility and Global Justice ( Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2007), 231.
16.
Ibid., 265.
17.
The 2004 elections were particularly poor (see http://www.euractiv.com/en/future-eu/european-parliament-elections-2004-archived/article-117483 ).
