Measurements play a significant role in the scientific investigation of religious phenomena. The study of religion, in general, has attracted considerable attention from academia and literature. The aim of this study was to conduct a systematic analysis of the literature regarding scales that have been developed for measuring variables with Islamic relevance and importance, having a theoretical framework embedded in the primary sources of Islamic literature (the Quran and hadith) and validated on Muslim samples. Six well-known databases were selected—ScienceDirect, Web of Science, Springer, Taylor & Francis, Emerald Insight, and Google Scholar—to conduct an in-depth search of existing literature on the topic. Results revealed three broad concepts that have been the focus of measurement: religiosity, spirituality, and morality. Based on our analysis, it can be suggested that although there has been an increase in measuring Islamic religiousness in recent years, there is scope for improvement. This analytical review can be a valuable resource for researchers interested in selecting a valid and trustworthy scale that meets the criteria of their study settings.
AbdullahS.SallehA.MahmudZ.GhaniS. A. (2010). Moral value inventory for Muslim adolescents. Procedia—Social and Behavioral Sciences, 7, 106–112.
2.
Abu-RaiyaH.HillP. C. (2014). Appraising the state of measurement of Islamic religiousness. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6(1), 22–32. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0035082
3.
Abu-RaiyaH.PargamentK. I.MahoneyA.SteinC. (2008). A psychological measure of Islamic religiousness: Development and evidence for reliability and validity. The International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 18(4), 291–315. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508610802229270
4.
Al-AmmarF. K.AhmedI. H.NordinM. S. (2012). Moral character of Muslim personality: Scale validation. Journal of Education and Practice, 3(16), 118–128.
5.
AllportG. W. (1950). The individual and his religion, a psychological interpretation. Macmillan Print.
6.
AlghoraniM. A. (2008). Knowledge-Practice Measure of Islamic Religiosity (KPMIR): A case of high school Muslim students in the United States. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 3(1), 25–36. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900802035169
7.
ʻAlī HāshimīM. (2005). The ideal Muslim: The true Islamic personality as defined in the Qurʼan and Sunnah. International Islamic Publishing House.
8.
AlMarriT. S. K.OeiT. P. S.Al-AdawiS. (2009). The development of the short Muslim practice and belief scale. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 12(5), 415–426. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674670802637643
AydogduR.YildizM.OrakU. (2021). Religion and wellbeing: Devotion, happiness and life satisfaction in Turkey. Mental Health, Religion & Culture, 24(9), 961–975. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2021.1969353
12.
AzizA. A.MamatM. N.SallehD. M.AbdullahS. F. S.NordinM. N. (2021). An analysis of systematic literature review on the development of Islamic oriented instruments. Journal of Contemporary Issues in Business and Government, 27(1), 3222–3233. https://www.academia.edu/48046020
13.
BradshawM.EllisonC. G. (2010). Financial hardship and psychological distress: Exploring the buffering effects of religion. Social Science & Medicine, 71(1), 196–204. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2010.03.015
14.
BruceJ.MollisonJ. (2004). Reviewing the literature: Adopting a systematic approach. Journal of Family Planning and Reproductive Health Care, 30(1), 13–16. https://doi.org/10.1783/147118904322701901
DastiR.SitwatA. (2014). Development of a Multidimensional Measure of Islamic Spirituality (MMIS). Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 8(2), 47–67. https://doi.org/10.3998/jmmh.10381607.0008.204
17.
de SouzaM.FrancisL. J.O’Higgins-NormanJ.ScottD. (Eds.). (2009). International handbook of education for spirituality, care and wellbeing (Vol. 3). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-9018-9
EryilmazA.KulaN. (2020). An investigation of Islamic well-being and mental health. Journal of Religion and Health, 59(2), 1096–1114. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-018-0588-0
20.
FrancisL. J.StubbsM. T. (1987). Measuring attitudes towards Christianity: From childhood to adulthood. Personality and Individual Differences, 8, 741–743.
21.
FurrM. (2011). Scale construction and psychometrics for social and personality psychology. Sage.
22.
GhazaliA. (1909). The alchemy of happiness (FieldC., Trans.). Northbook Society.
23.
GhazaliA. (1995). The revival of the religious sciences.(WinterTJ, Trans.). The Islamic Texts Society.
24.
GhazaliA. (2000). Deliverance from error. (McCarthyR. J., Trans.). Fons Vitae.
25.
GorsuchR. L. (1990). Measurement in psychology of religion revisited. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 9(2), 82–92.
26.
HackneyC. H.SandersG. S. (2003). Religiosity and mental health: A meta-analysis of recent studies. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 42(1), 43–55. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-5906.t01-1-00160
27.
HaddadA. A. (1989). The book of assistance (BadawiM., Trans.). Quilliam Press.
28.
HaddadA. A. (2001). Knowledge and wisdom. (BadawiM. Trans.). Starlatch Press.
29.
HigginsJ. P.ThomasJ.ChandlerJ.CumpstonM.LiT.PageM. J.WelchV. A. (2019). Cochrane handbook for systematic reviews of interventions. Wiley.
30.
Jana-MasriA.PriesterP. E. (2007). The development and validation of a Qur’an-based Instrument to assess Islamic religiosity: The religiosity of Islam scale. Journal of Muslim Mental Health, 2(2), 177–188. https://doi.org/10.1080/15564900701624436
31.
JessonJ.MathesonL.LaceyF. M. (2011). Doing your literature review: Traditional and systematic techniques. Sage.
32.
KaurJ.AgrawalA.KhanR. A. (2020). Security issues in fog environment: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Wireless Information Networks, 27(3), 467–483. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10776-020-00491-7
33.
KhanZ. A. (2019). Islam: A Deen not mere religion. The Dialogue, 4(1), 97–18.
34.
KingJ. E.CrowtherM. R. (2004). The measurement of religiosity and spirituality: Examples and issues from psychology. Journal of Organizational Change Management, 17(1), 83–101. https://doi.org/10.1108/09534810410511314
35.
KoçakO. (2021). How does religious commitment affect satisfaction with life during the COVID-19 pandemic? Examining depression, anxiety, and stress as mediators. Religions, 12(9), Article 701. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel12090701
36.
KoenigH. G.Al ShohaibS. S. (2019). Religiosity and mental health in Islam. Islamophobia and Psychiatry: Recognition, Prevention, and Treatment, 5, 55–65. Springer. https://doi. org/10.1007/978-3-030-00512-2_5
37.
KraussI. E.AbdullahA.-L.HamzahA. H. (2005). The Muslim Religiosity-Personality Inventory (MRPI): Towards understanding differences in the Islamic religiosity among the Malaysian youth. Pertanika Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 13(2), 173–186.
38.
LameG. (2019). Systematic literature reviews: An introduction. Proceedings of the Design Society: International Conference on Engineering Design, 1(1), 1633–1642. https://doi.org/10.1017/dsi.2019.169
39.
LoewenthalK. M. (2003). Psychology of religion: A short introduction. Oneworld Publications.
40.
MahudinN. D. M.NoorN. M.DzulkifliM. A.JanonN. S. (2016). Religiosity among Muslims: A scale development and validation study. Makara Human Behavior Studies in Asia, 20(2), 109–120. https://doi.org/10.7454/mssh.v20i2.3492
41.
MalhotraN.HallJ.ShawM.OppenheimP. (2006). Marketing research: An applied orientation. Pearson Education.
42.
MawludM. (2004). Purification of the hearts. (YousafH. Trans.). Starlatch.
43.
Mohd DaliN. R. S.YousafzaiS.Abdul HamidH. (2019). Religiosity scale development. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 10(1), 227–248. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-11-2016-0087
44.
MoherD.LiberatiA.TetzlaffJ.AltmanD. G. & PRISMA Group. (2009). Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLOS Medicine, 6(7), Article e1000097. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1000097
NewmanD. B.GrahamJ. (2018). Religion and well-being. In DienerE.OishiS.TayL. (Eds.), Handbook of well-being. DEF Publishers, pp. 1–12.
48.
NigosianS. A. (2004). Islam: Its history, teaching, and practices. Indiana University Press.
49.
OlufadiY. (2017). Muslim Daily Religiosity Assessment Scale (MUDRAS): A new instrument for Muslim religiosity research and practice. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9(2), 165–179. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000074
50.
PaloutzianR. F.ParkC. L. (Eds.). (2005). Handbook of the psychology of religion and spirituality. Guilford.
RasicD. T.BelikS.-L.EliasB.KatzL. Y.EnnsM.SareenJ. (2009). Spirituality, religion and suicidal behavior in a nationally representative sample. Journal of Affective Disorders, 114(1–3), 32–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2008.08.007
56.
SahinA.FrancisL. J. (2002). Assessing attitude toward Islam among Muslim adolescents: The psychometric properties of the Sahin-Francis Scale. Muslim Education Quarterly, 19, 35–47.
57.
SallehS. M.AhmadJ. B.NohM. A. B. C. (2016). Systematic literature review of Islamic oriented scale in Malaysia. International Journal of Academic Research in Business and Social Sciences, 6(11), 342–350. https://doi.org/10.6007/IJARBSS/v6-i11/2403
58.
SehA. H.Al-AmriJ. F.SubahiA. F.AgrawalA.PathakN.KumarR.KhanR. A. (2022). An analysis of integrating machine learning in healthcare for ensuring confidentiality of the electronic records. Computer Modeling in Engineering & Sciences, 130(3), 1387–1422. https://doi.org/10.32604/cmes.2022.018163
59.
SpilkaB.HoodR. W.HunsbergerB.GorsuchR. (2003). The psychology of religion: An empirical approach. Guilford.
60.
Ul-HaqS.ButtI.AhmedZ.Al-SaidF. T. (2019). Scale of religiosity for Muslims: An exploratory study. Journal of Islamic Marketing, 11(6), 1201–1224. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIMA-03-2016-0018
61.
ʻUmar Ibn KathīrI. (2002). The Islamic view of Jesus (peace be upon him) = Naẓrat al-Islām ilá ʻĪsá, ʻalayhi al-salām. ،دار المنارة [Dar Al-Manarah].
62.
WesselmannE. D.VanderDriftL. E.AgnewC. R. (2016). Religious commitment: An interdependence approach. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 8(1), 35–45. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000024
