This study investigated the relative contributions of four dimensions of racial identity, gender-role attitudes and collective self-esteem towards the prediction of satisfaction with life (as an index of psychological well-being). The findings indicated that collective self-esteem, followed by confrontation (i.e. strong identification with the Ingroup associated with rejection of the outgroup), and non-traditional gender-role attitudes, predicted satisfaction with life.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AntonovskyA. (1979). Health, stress and coping.San Francisco: Jossy-Bass
2.
AntonovskyA. (1987). Unravelling the mystery of health: how people manage stress and stay well.San Francisco: Jossey-Bass
3.
BaruchG.K.BarnettR.C. (1975). Implications and applications of recent research of feminine development. Psychiatry, 38, 318–327
4.
BemS.L. (1975). Sex- role adaptability: one consequence of psychological androgyny. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 31, 634–643
5.
CampbellC.M. (1995a). Social identity of township youth: an extension of Social Identity Theory (Part 1). South African Journal of Psychology, 25, 150–159
6.
CampbellC.M. (1995b). Social identity of township youth: Social Identity Theory and gender (Part 2). South African Journal of Psychology, 25, 160–167
7.
CrockerJ.LuhtanenR. (1990). Collective self-esteem and ingroup bias. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 58, 60–67
8.
CrossW.E. (1978). The Cross and Thomas models of psychological nigrescence. Journal of Black Psychology, 5, 13–19
9.
De la ReyC. (1991). Intergroup relations: theories and positions. In FosterD.Louw-PotgieterJ. (Eds), Social psychology in South Africa (pp. 25–53). Johannesburg: Lexicon
DienerE.DienerM.DienerC. (1995). Factors predicting the subjective well-being of nations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 851–864
12.
DienerE.D.EmmonsA.LarsenR.J.GriffinS. (1985). The Satisfaction With Life Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, 49, 71–75
13.
FreemanM. (1993). Seeking identity-township youth and social development. South African Journal of Psychology, 23, 157–166
14.
HaleyW.E.RothD.L.ColetonM.I.FordG.R.WestC.A.C.CollinsR.P.IsobeT.L. (1996). Appraisal, coping, and social support as mediators of well-being in black and white family caregivers of patients with Alzheimer's disease. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 64, 121–129
15.
HelmsJ.E. (1990a). Introduction: review of racial identity terminology. In HelmsJ.E. (Ed.), Black and white racial identity: theory, research, and practice (pp. 1–8). New York: Greenwood Press
16.
HelmsJ.E. (1990b). An overview of black identity theory. In HelmsJ.E. (Ed.), Black and white racial identity: theory, research and practice (pp. 9–32). New York: Greenwood Press
17.
HelmsJ.E. (1990c). The measurement of black racial identity theory. In HelmsJ.E. (Ed.), Black and white racial identity: theory, research and practice (pp. 33–47). New York: Greenwood Press
18.
JerusalemM.SchwartzerR. (1989). Anxiety and self-concept as antecedents of stress and coping. A longitudinal study with German and Turkish adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 10, 785–792
19.
JonesW.H.ChemovetzM.E.O.HassonR.O. (1978). The enigma of androgyny-differential implications for males and females?Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 46, 298–313
20.
KalinR.TilbayP.J. (1978). Development and validation of a Sex-role Ideology Scale. Psychological Reports, 42, 731–738
21.
KamferL.VenterD.J.L. (1994). First evaluation of a stereotype reduction workshop. South African Journal of Psychology, 24, 13–20
22.
KorfG.J.SchoemanJ.B. (1996). Applicability of Milliones' DIB-C Model in the South African context. South African Journal of Psychology, 26, 212–220
23.
LevyS.GuttmanL. (1981). On the multivariate structure of wellbeing. In BorgI. (Ed.), Multidimensional data representations: when and why (pp. 125–152). Ann Arbor, Michigan: Mathesis Press
24.
LuhtanenR.CrockerJ. (1992). A collective self-esteem scale: self-evaluation of one's social identity. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 18, 302–318
25.
ManganyiN.C. (1973). Being black-in-the-world.Johannesburg: Ravan
26.
MaracekJ.KravetzD. (1977). Women and mental health: a review of feminist change efforts. Psychiatry, 40, 323–329
27.
MbitiJ. (1969). African religions and philosophies.London: Heineman
28.
MillionesJ. (1973). Construction of the developmental inventory of black consciousness. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Pittsburgh
29.
MillionesJ. (1980). Construction of a black consciousness measure: psychotherapeutic implications. Psychotherapy: Theory, Research and Practice, 17, 175–182
30.
MokgatlheP.B. (1996). Racial identity, gender role attitudes and psychological well-being. Unpublished master's dissertation, Medical University of Southern Africa, Pretoria
31.
MøllerV. (1988). The relevance of personal domain satisfaction for the quality of life in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology, 18, 69–75
32.
MøllerV. (1996). Life satisfaction and expectations for the future in a sample of university students: a research note. South African Journal of Sociology, 27, 16–26
33.
MwabaK. (in progress). Sex-role beliefs among black South African students. Unpublished manuscript, Department of PsychologyUniversity of the North WestMmabatho
34.
OchseR. (1984). Measuring global life-satisfaction in South African subjects. South African Journal of Psychology, 14, 60–63
35.
OelofseE. (1996). The nomological network of sense of coherence: the role of general, social and collective self-concept. Unpublished master's dissertation, University of Pretoria
36.
ParhamT.A.HelmsJ.E. (1981). The influence of black students' racial identity attitudes on preference for counsellor's race. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 28, 250–257
37.
ParhamT.A.HelmsJ.E. (1985a). Attitudes of racial identity and self-esteem in black students: an exploratory investigation. Journal of College Student Personnel, 26, 143–147
38.
ParhamT.A.HelmsJ.E. (1985b). The relationship of racial identity attitudes to self-actualization of black students and affective states. Journal of Counselling Psychology, 32, 431–440
39.
PavotW.DienerE.ColvinC.R.SandvikE. (1991). Further validation of the Satisfaction with Life Scale: evidence for the cross-method convergence of well-being measures. Journal of Personality Assessment, 57, 149–161
40.
PleckJ.H. (1977). The psychology of sex-roles: traditional and new views. In CarterL.A.ScottA.F.MartyneW. (Eds), Women and men: changing roles, relationships and perceptions (pp. 181–199). New York: Praeger
41.
RyffC.D.KeyesC.L.M. (1995). The structure of psychological well-being revisited. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 69, 719–727
42.
ShinD.C.JohnsonD.M. (1978). Avowed happiness as an overall assessment of the quality of life. Social Indicators Research, 5, 475–92
43.
SpenceJ.T.HelmreichR. (1978). Masculinity and femininity: their psychological dimensions, correlates, and antecedents.Austin: University of Texas Press
44.
SpenceJ.T.HelmreichR.StappJ. (1975). Ratings of self and peers on sex-role attitudes and their relation to self-esteem and conceptions of masculinity and femininity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 32, 29–39
45.
SueD.W.SueD. (1990). Counselling the culturally different: theory and practice (2nd ed.). New York: Wiley & Sons
46.
SuhE.DienerE.FujitaF. (1996). Events and subjective well-being: only recent events matter. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 1091–1102
47.
TajfelH. (1981). Human groups and social categories.Cambridge University Press
48.
TajfelH.TurnerJ.C. (1979). An integrative theory of intergroup conflict. In AustinW.G.WorchelS. (Eds), The social psychology of intergroup relations (pp. 33–47). Monterey, California: Brooks/Cole
49.
TurnerJ.C. (1982). Towards a cognitive redefinition of the social group. In TajfelH. (Ed.), Social identity and intergroup relations (pp. 15–40). Cambridge University Press
50.
ZorichS.ReynoldsW.M. (1988). Convergent and discriminant validation of a measure of social self-concept. Journal of Personality Assessment, 52, 441–452
