Die nutswaarde van wat genoem word 'n sesde ‘krag’ of paradigma in die sielkunde, naamlik die ontwikkeling van metateorieë van menslike gedrag en ervaring, en dat die ontwikkeling van 'n metateorie gegrond behoort te word op 'n interdissiplinëre sisteembenadering, word ondersoek. Aggressiewe gedrag word as voorbeeld gebruik om die benadering te ‘toets’. 'n Persoon funksioneer as 'n hiërargies-ïgemtegreerde oop sisteem en die oopheid van hierdie sisteem word bepaal deur die mate van interaksie binne en tussen die subsisteme waaruit die totale sisteem saamgestel is. Die volgende subsisteme, in hiërargiese orde, word behandel: biologiese, intrapsigiese, fisiese, interpersoonlike, sosiaal- sielkundige, en sosiologiese. Dit word voorgestel dat enige verskynsel wat die sielkundige wil ondersoek, op hierdie verskillende maar geïntegreerde ‘vlakke van gesprek’ bestudeer word. Die sisteembenadering tot persoonsfunksionering leen hom dus tot interdissiplinëre teoriekonstruksie, navorsing en intervensie. Die implikasies van 'n interdissiplinere sisteembenadering vir die sielkundige se filosofie van die wetenskap, sy navorsingsaktiwiteite en beplanning van intervensies word kortliks bespreek.
Get full access to this article
View all access options for this article.
References
1.
AllportG.W.Pattern and growth in personality. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1961.
2.
BalesR.Instruction process analysis. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley, 1950.
3.
BanduraA.Aggression: A social learning analysis. Englewood Cliffs, California: Prentice Hall Inc., 1973.
4.
BemD.J.AllenA.On predicting some of the people some of the time: The search for cross-situational consistencies in behaviour. Psychol. Rev.1974., 81, 506–520.
5.
BerginA.E.StruppH.H.Changing frontiers in the science of psychotherapy. Chicago: Aldine, 1972.
6.
BerkowitzL.The contagion of violence. In: Nebraska Symp. on Motivation. (eds) ArnoldW.J.PageM.M.Lincoln: Univ. of Nebraska Press, 1970.
7.
BlackburnT.R.Sensuous-intellectual complementarity in science. Science1971, 172, 1003–1007.
8.
BogenJ.E.The other side of the brain: An oppositional mind. Bull. L.A. Neurol. Soc.1969., 34(3), 135–162.
9.
BonariusJ.C.J.Ontwikkelingen in de roltherapie van George A. Kelly. De Psycholoog1978., 7, 403–415.
10.
BoringE.G.The physical dimensions of consciousness. New York: Dover Press, 1933.
11.
BremerJ.Asexualization. New York: Macmillan, 1959.
12.
CocaA.F.The pulse test: The secret of building your basic health. New York: Lyle Stuart, 1959.
13.
CoetzeeC.H.Angs as 'n moderatorveranderlike by die voorspelling van akademiese prestasie. Unpubl. M.A. Thesis, University of Port Elizabeth, RSA, 1977.
14.
CronbachL.J.Beyond the two disciplines of scientific psychology. In: Evaluation of general psychiatry. (ed.) GlassG.V.1976., 1, 15–27.
15.
DeikmanA.J.Biraodal consciousness. Arch. Gen. Psychiatry1971., 25, 481–489.
16.
DelgadoJ.M.R.Physical control of the mind. London: Harper & Row, 1969.
17.
DollardJ.DoobL.MillerN.MowrerO.ShearsR.Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale Univ. Press, 1939.
18.
EkehammerB.Interactionism in personality from a historical perspective. Psychol. Bull.81(12), 1026–1048.
19.
EndlerN.S.OkadaM.A multidimensional measure of trait anxiety: The S — R inventory of general trait anxiousness. J. Consult. Clin. Psychol.1975, 43, 319–329.
20.
FestingerL.PepitoneA.NewcombT.Some consequences of de-individuation in a group. J. Abnorm. Soc, Psychol.1952, 47, 382–389.
21.
FieldL.H.WilliamsM.The hormonal treatment of sexual offenders. Med. Sci. Law1970, 10, 27–34.
22.
FranksJ.J.Toward understanding understanding, In: Cognition and the symbolic processes, (eds) WeimerW.B.PalermoD.S.New York: Wiley & Sons, 1974.
23.
FreudS.A general introduction to psycho-analysis. New York: Liveright, 1970.
24.
GazzanigaM.S.The split brain in man. Scient. Am. 1967, 217(2), 24–29.
25.
GeenR.G.Effects of frustration, attack, and prior training in aggressiveness upon aggressive behaviour. J. Pers. and Soc. Psychol.1968, 9, 316–321.
26.
GentryW.D.Effects of frustration, attack, and prior aggressive training on overt aggression and vascular processes. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.1970, 16, 718–725.
27.
GoldmanH.The limits of clockwork: The neurobiology of violent behaviour. In: In fear of each other, (eds) ConradJ.P.DinitzS.Toronto: Lexington Books, 1977.
28.
GreenwellJ.DengerinkH.A.The role of perceived versus actual attack in human physical aggression. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol.1973, 26, 66–71.
29.
HaleyJ.Strategies of psychotherapy. New York: Grune & Stratton, 1963.
30.
HamburgD.A.Recent research on hormonal factors relevant to human aggressiveness. Int. Soc. Sci. J.1971, 23, 36–47.
31.
HamburgD.A.MoosR.H.YalomI.D.Studies of distress in the menstrual cycle and postpartum period. In: Endocrinology and human behaviour, (ed.) MichaelR.P.London: Oxford Univ. Press, 1968, 1–349.
32.
HeathR.G.Electrical self-stimulation of the brain in man. Am. J. Psychiatr. 1963, 120, 571–577.
33.
HeiderF.On the reduction of sentiment. In: Dimensions of mind. (ed.) HookS.New York: Collier, 1961.
34.
HovlandC.I.SearsR.R.Minor studies of aggression: Correlation of lynchings with economic indices. J. Psychol.1940, 9, 301–310.
35.
InselP.M.MoosR.H.Psychological environments: expanding the scope of human ecology. Am. Psychol.1974, 168–179.
36.
IttelsonW.H.ProshanskyH.M.RivlinL.G.WinkelG.H.An introduction to environmental psychology. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston, 1974.
37.
JordaanW.J.Two views of man. In: World views, (ed.) MacnamaraM.R.H.. Pretoria: Van Schaiks. 1980.
JordaanW.J.MeyerR.S.Sielkundige en wysgerige perspektiewe oor begripsvorming. S.-Afr. Sielk. 1977., 7(1), 1–19.
40.
KalinaR.K.Diazepam: Its role in a prison setting. Dis. Nerv. Syst.1967, 28, 46–48.
41.
KellyG.A.A theory of personality. New York: Norton, 1955.
42.
KrechD.CrutchfieldR.S.BallacheyE.L.Individual in society. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1962.
43.
KreitmanN.Methods of measuring interpersonal relationships. J. Psychosom. Res.1966, 10, 109–117.
44.
KuhnT.S.The structure of scientific revolutions. Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1962.
45.
KweeM.Over de ontwikkeling van een multimodale strategic van assessment en therapie. Tijdschr. Psychother. 1979, 5(3), 172–188.
46.
LiebermanD.A.Behaviourism and the mind: A (limited) call for a return to introspectionism. Am. Psychol.1979, 34(4), 319–333.
47.
LooC.M.The effects of spatial density on the social behavior of children. J. Appl. Soc. Psychol.1973, 4, 372–381.
48.
LorenzK.On aggression, New York: Bantam, 1966.
49.
MargenauH.The nature of physical reality. New York: McGraw- Hill, 1950.
50.
MarkV.H.ErvinF.R.Violence and the brain. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
51.
MarkV.H.SweetW.H.ErvinF.R.The effect of amygdalotomy on violent behavior in patients with temporal lobe epilepsy. In: Psychosurgery, (eds) HitchcockE.LaitinenL.VaernetK.Springfield, Illinois: Thomas, 1972, 135–155.
52.
MauerK.F.OsrinN.Handleiding vir die gebruik van die leierlose groepbesprekingstegniek. Johannesburg: NIPN, 1968.
53.
MegargeeE.I.HokansonJ.E. (eds). The dynamics of aggression. New York: Harper & Row, 1970.
54.
MeyerC.T.The assertive behavior of children as related to parent behavior. J. Home Econ.1947, 39, 77–801.
55.
MeyerR.S.Voorwoord Afrikaanse uitgawe van dilemmas van G. Ryle. Pretoria: Van Schaiks, 1977.
56.
MilgramS.Behavioral study of obedience. J. Abnorm. Soc. Psychol.1963, 67, 371–378.
57.
MischelW.Personality and assessment. New York: Wiley, 1968.
58.
MischelW.On the future of personality measurement. Am. Psychol.1977, 246–254.
59.
MoosR.H.Situational analysis of a therapeutic community milieu. J. Abnorm. Psychol.1968, 73, 49–61.
60.
MoyerK.E.The psychobiology of aggression. New York: Harper & Row, 1976.
61.
NieuwoudtJ.M.Opleiding in die sosiale sielkunde aan Suid-Afrikaanse Universiteite. Pretoria: Unisa publikasies, 1977.
62.
OrnsteinR.E.The psychology of consciousness, (second edn). New York: Freeman, 1977.
63.
PattersonC.H.Relationship counseling and psychotherapy. New York: Harper & Row, 1974.
64.
PetersonD.R.The clinical study of social behavior. New York: Appleton, 1968.
65.
RogersC.R.Toward a science of the person. In: Behaviourism and phenomenology: Contrasting bases for modern psychology, (ed.) WannT.W.Chicago: Univ. of Chicago Press, 1964.
SanteeR.T.JacksonS.E.Commitment to self-identification: A sociopsychological approach to personality. Hum. Rel.1979, 32(2), 141–158.
68.
SchutzW.C.FIRO: A three-dimensional theory of interpersonal behavior. New York: Rinehart, 1958.
69.
ScrivenM.Maximizing the power of causal investigations: The modus operandi method. In: Evaluation studies Review Annual (ed.) GlassG.V.1976, 1, 101–118.
70.
ShawM.E.CostanzoP.R.Theories of social psychology. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1970.
71.
ShrederR.A.How relevant is an individual difference theory of personality?J. Pers.1975, 43, 455–484.
72.
SkinnerB.F.About behaviourism. London: Jonathan Cape, 1974.
73.
SullivanH.S.The interpersonal theory of psychiatry. London: Tavistock Publications, 1953.
74.
TruaxC.B.CarkhuffR.R.Toward effective counseling and psychotherapy. Chicago: Aldine, 1967.
75.
ValinsS.BaumA.Residential group size, social interaction and crowding. Environ. Behav.1973, 5(4), 420–421.
76.
ValensteinE.S.Brain control. New York: Wiley & Sons, 1973.
77.
Van DijckR.De toepassing van communicatie theorie en systeem- theorie in de psychiatrie, 1974, 16, 18–36.
78.
Van StadenF.ViljoenH.G.Hanteringsmeganismes tydens ruimtelike oorbesetting. S.-Afr. Tydskr. Sielk.1980, 10(3/4).
79.
Von BertalanffyL.General system theory. New York: George Braziller, 1968.
80.
WatzlawickP.Wie weet is het ook anders. Deventer: Van Loghum Slaterus, 1978.
81.
WatzlawickP.BeavinJ.H.JacksonD.Pragmatics of human communication. New York: Norton, 1967.
82.
WilderJ.Psychological problems in hypoglycemia. Am. Dig. Dis.1943, 10, 428–435.
83.
WilderJ.Sugar metabolism in its relation to criminology. In: Handbook of correctional psychology, (eds) LinduerS.SeligerB.J.New York: Philosophical Library, 1947.
84.
YalomI.D.The theory and practice of group psychotherapy. New York: Basic Books, 1975.
