The devastation that accompanied the implementation of apartheid necessitated extreme resilience to withstand personal loss, wide-scale imprisonment, and destruction of community. The brutality of this process has been extensively documented, but the psychological consequences of apartheid have received scant attention. This article explores the psychological injuries sustained during apartheid and the role of psychology in its amelioration and exacerbation.
AnninE. L.BorigE. G.WatsonR. I. (1968). Important psychologists, 1600–1967. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 4, 303–315.
2.
Baldwin-RagavenL.de GruchyJ.LondonL. (1999). An ambulance of the wrong colour: Health professionals, human rights and ethics in South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: UCT Press.
3.
BatesonG.JacksonD. D.HaleyJ.WeaklandJ. (1956). Toward a theory of schizophrenia. Behavioral Science, 1, 251–269.
4.
BoraineA. (2000). A country unmasked. Cape Town, South Africa: Oxford University Press.
5.
BreytenbachB. (1985). The true confessions of an albino terrorist. New York, NY: Farrar, Straus and Giroux.
6.
BuntmanF. L. (2003). Robben Island and prisoner resistance to apartheid. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
7.
CohenI. M.CorradoR. R. (2005). State torture in the contemporary world. International Journal of Comparative Sociology, 46, 103–131.
8.
De KockE. (1998). A long night’s damage: Working for the apartheid state. Johannesburg, South Africa: Contra Press.
9.
du Preez BezdrobA. (2003). Winnie Mandela: A life. Cape Town, South Africa: Zebra Press.
10.
FineD. (1984). Re-examining the validity of detainee evidence: A psycho-legal approach. South African Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 8, 156–194.
11.
FosterD.DavisD.SandlerD. (1990). Detention and torture in South Africa: Psychological, legal and historical studies. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.
12.
FosterD.NicholasL. J. (2000). Cognitive dissonance, de Kock and odd psychological testimony. South African Journal of Psychology, 30(1), 37–40.
13.
GalloF. P. (1996). Reflections on active ingredients in efficient treatments of PTSD, Part 2. Traumatology, 2, 7–12.
14.
KageeA. (2006). The relationship between statement giving at the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission and psychological distress among former political detainees. South African Journal of Psychology, 36, 10–24.
15.
KathradaA. (2004). Memoirs. Cape Town, South Africa: Zebra Press.
16.
KiraI. A. (2002). Torture assessment and treatment: The wraparound approach. Traumatology, 8, 54–85.
17.
LaurensonH.SwartzS. (2011). The professionalization of psychology within the apartheid state 1948–1978. History of Psychology, 14, 249–263.
18.
Madikizela-MandelaW. (2013). 491 days: Prisoner number 1323/69. Johannesburg, South Africa: Picador Africa.
19.
MagwazaA. (2001). Submissions to the South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission: The reflections of a commissioner on the culpability of psychology. In DuncanN.van NiekerkA.de la ReyC.SeedatM. (Eds.), Race, racism, knowledge production and psychology in South Africa (pp. 37–44). New York, NY: Nova Science.
20.
MandelaN. (1995). Long walk to freedom. London, England: Abacus.
21.
McFarlaneC. A.KaplanI. (2012). Evidence-based psychological interventions for adult survivors of torture and trauma: A 30-year review. Transcultural Psychiatry, 49, 539–567.
22.
MkhwanaziS. (2013, October10). Police admit to spike in legal bill costs. The New Age, p. 4.
23.
NicholasL. J. (1993). The contribution of double-bind theory to the understanding of oppression. In NicholasL. J. (Ed.), Psychology and oppression: Critiques and proposals (pp. 190–196). Johannesburg, South Africa: Skotaville.
24.
NicholasL. J. (2000a). An evaluation of psychological reports considered in the amnesty process of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. South African Journal of Psychology, 30(1), 50–52.
25.
NicholasL. J. (2000b). Psychological testimony during the amnesty application of Jeffrey Theodore Benzien. South African Journal of Psychology, 30(1), 53–55.
26.
NicholasL. J. (2001). An evaluation of psychological reports in the amnesty report of the TRC revisited: A response to J. H. Robbertze. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(4), 73–75.
27.
NicholasL. J.ColeridgeL. (2000). Expert witness testimony in the criminal trial of Eugene de Kock: A critique of the posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) defence. South African Journal of Psychology, 30(1), 33–36.
28.
PogrundJ. (1990). Sobukwe and apartheid. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jonathan Ball.
29.
PottingerB. (1984, October7). Prison poet vs prison boss. The Sunday Times, p. 5.
30.
RaynerM. (1990). From Biko to Wendy Orr: The problem of medical accountability in contexts of political violence and torture. In Chabani ManganyiN.du ToitA. (Eds.), Political violence and the struggle in South Africa (pp. 154–171). Cape Town, South Africa: Southern Book.
31.
RobbertzeJ. H. (2001). An evaluation of psychological reports in the amnesty process of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. South African Journal of Psychology, 31(4), 72–74.
32.
SampsonA. (1999). Mandela: The authorised biography. London, UK: Harper Collins.
33.
SandersJ. (2006). Apartheid’s friends: The rise and fall of South Africa’s secret service. London, England: John Murray.
34.
Series no. 913. South African National Archives. Nelson Mandela prison file.
35.
SmutsJ. C. (1973). Walt Whitman: A study in the evolution of personality. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University Press.
36.
SomnierF. E.GenefkeI. K. (1986). Psychotherapy for victims of torture. The British Journal of Psychiatry, 149, 323–329.
37.
StrakerG.MoosaF.BeckerR.NkwaleM. (1992). Faces in the revolution: The psychological effects of violence on township youth in South Africa. Cape Town, South Africa: David Philip.
van WoerdenH. (1998). A mouthful of glass. Johannesburg, South Africa: Jonathan Ball.
40.
VranaS. R.CampbellT. A.ClayR. (2012). Survey of national consortium of torture treatment program therapists about the assessment, diagnosis, and treatment of the psychological sequelae of torture. Traumatology, 19, 144–153.