The motivation for this article grew out of work done by Lysaker, Johannesen, and Lysaker (2005), which explores the experience of being as a person with schizophrenia in relation to other individuals, and shows schizophrenic intersubjectivity as a potentially horrifying and disintegrating experience. The article, through a phenomenologically informed case study, aims to narrate the subtleties of the intersubjective experience, as disclosed in the lived world of a person with schizophrenia. How does such an individual experience self in relation to other? The phenomenoiogical hermeneutic method, as shaped by such theorists as Gadamer (1976, 1989), Heidegger (1962), and Buber 1957, 1970, 1992), is the interpretive platform upon which this article is staged. The case study is presented in terms of the theory of the dialogical self, and reflects the sense of isolation, intolerance of ambiguity, caution in dialogue, diminished sense of self-worth, and lack of reciprocity experienced by the individual with schizophrenia.
BakhtinM. (1981). The dialogic imagination. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.
2.
BarhamP. (1993). Schizophrenia and human value: Chronic schizophrenia, science and society. London: Free Association Books.
3.
BarresiJ. (2002). From ‘the thought is the thinker’ to ‘the voice is the speaker’: William James and the dialogical self. Retrieved May 12, 2006, from www.jbarresi.psychology.dal.ca
4.
BeckerC. (1992). Living and relating: An introduction to phenomenology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
5.
BenjaminJ. (1999). Recognition and destruction: An outline of intersubjectivity. In MitchellS.AronL. (Eds.), Relational psychoanalysis: The emergence of a tradition (pp. 181–201). London: Analytic Press.
6.
BinswangerL. (1975). Being in the world: Selected papers of Ludwig Binswanger. (NeedlemanJ., Trans.). London: Souvenir Press.
7.
BlankenburgW. (1980). Phenomenology and psychopathology. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 11, 50–78.
8.
BuberM. (1970). I and thou. Edinburgh: Clark. (Original work published 1937).
9.
BuberM. (1957). Elements of the interhuman. Psychiatry, 20, 105–113.
10.
BuberM. (1992). On intersubjectivity and cultural creativity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
11.
CorinE.LauzonG. (1994). From symptoms to phenomena: The articulation of experience in schizophrenia. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 25, 3–50.
12.
DavidsonL. (1992). Developing an empirical-phenomenological approach to schizophrenia research. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 23, 3–15.
13.
DavidsonL. (1994). Phenomenological research in schizophrenia: From philosophical anthropology to empirical science. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 25, 104–130.
14.
DavidsonL.RoeD. (2005). Self and narrative in schizophrenia: Time to author a new story. Medical Humanities, 31, 89–94.
15.
FrieR. (1997). Subjectivity and inter subjectivity in modern philosophy and psychoanalysis: A study of Sartre, Binswanger, Lacan and Habermas. London: Rowman & Littlefield.
16.
FrieR. (2000). The existential and the interpersonal: Ludwig Binswanger and Harry Stack Sullivan. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 40, 108–130.
17.
FriedmanM. (1988). Dialogue, confirmation, and the image of the human. Journal of Humanistic Psychology, 28, 123–135.
18.
FriedmanM. (1999). The interhuman and what is common to all: Martin Buber and sociology. Journal for the Theory of Social Behaviour, 29, 403–417.
19.
GadamerH. (1976). Philosophical hermeneutics. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
20.
GadamerH. (1989). Truth and method. New York: Continuum.
21.
GiorgiA. (1997). The theory, practice, and evaluation of the phenomenological method as a qualitative research procedure. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 28, 235–260.
22.
GoldbergC. (2000). Healing madness and despair through meeting. American Journal of Psychotherapy, 54, 560–574.
23.
HeideggerM. (1962). Being and time. New York: Harper & Row.
24.
HermansH. (2002). The dialogical self as a society of mind. Theory and Psychology, 12, 147–160.
25.
HermansH.KempenH. (1993). The dialogical self: Meaning as movement. New York: Academic Press.
26.
HolquistM. (1990). Dialogism: Bakhtin and his world. London: Routledge.
27.
KellyK. (1999). Hermeneutics in action: Empathy and interpretation in qualitative research. In Terre BlancheM.DurrheimK. (Eds.), Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences (pp. 398–420). Cape Town: UCT Press.
28.
KimuraB. (1982). The phenomenology of the between: The problem of the basic disturbance in schizophrenia. In de KoningA.JennerF. (Eds.), Phenomenology and psychiatry (pp. 173–185). London: Academic Press.
29.
KimuraB. (1984). Time and psychosis. In KrugerD. (Ed.), The changing reality of modern man: Essays in honour of Jan Hendrik Van den Berg (pp. 191–198). Cape Town: Juta.
30.
KrugerD. (1988). An introduction to phenomenological psychology. Cape Town: Juta.
31.
LaingR. (1961). Self and others. London: Camelot Press.
32.
LaingR. (1965). The divided self: An existential study in sanity and madness. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
33.
LaingR.EstersonA. (1970). Sanity, madness and the family. Baltimore, OH: Penguin.
34.
LindeggerG. (1999). Research methods in clinical research. In Terre BlancheM.DurrheimK. (Eds), Research in practice: Applied methods for the social sciences (pp. 251–268). Cape Town: UCT Press.
LysakerJ.LysakerP. (2005). Being interrupted: The self and schizophrenia. Journal of Speculative Philosophy, 19, 1–21.
37.
LysakerP.JohannesenJ.LysakerJ. (2005). Schizophrenia and the experience of intersubjectivity as threat. Phenomenology and the Cognitive Sciences, 4, 335–352.
38.
LysakerP.LysakerJ. (2002). Narrative structure in psychosis: Schizophrenia and disruptions in the dialogical self. Theory and Psychology, 12, 207–220.
39.
MoranD. (2000). Introduction to phenomenology. London: Routledge.
40.
PitfieldD. (1991). Illness as intersubjectivity: A sociological perspective. Unpublished master's dissertation, Rhodes University, South Africa.
41.
PotterB. (2006). Comprehending madness: The contextualization of psychopathology in the work of R. D. Laing. Retrieved May 16, 2006, from www.janushead.org
42.
RulfS. (2003). Phenomenological contributions on schizophrenia: A critical review and commentary on the literature between 1980–2000. Journal of Phenomenological Psychology, 34, 1–22.
43.
SadockB. J.SadockV. A. (2003). Kaplan and Sadock's synopsis of psychiatry: Behavioral sciences / clinical psychiatry (9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins.
44.
SalmonP. (2004). The schizococcus: An interpersonal perspective. Personal Construct Theory and Practice, 1, 76–81.
45.
Schwartz-SalantN. (1995). On the interactive field as the analytic object. In SteinM. (Ed.), The interactive field in analysis (pp. 1–36). Wilmette, IL: Chiron.
46.
SpinelliE. (1989). The interpreted world: An introduction to phenomenological psychology. London: Sage.
47.
StolorowR. (1994). The intersubjective context of intrapsychic experience. In StolorowR.AtwoodG.BrandchaftB. (Eds.), The intersubjective perspective (pp. 3–14). Northvale, NJ: Aronson.
48.
StolorowR.AtwoodG. (1992). Contexts of being: The intersubjective foundations of psychological life. London: Analytic Press.
49.
SullivanH. (1962). Schizophrenia as a human process. New York: Norton.
50.
SullivanH. (1964). The language of schizophrenia. In KasaninJ. (Ed.), Language and thought in schizophrenia (pp. 4–16). New York: Norton.
51.
ValsinerJ. (2002). Forms of dialogical relations and semiotic autoregulation within the self. Theory and Psychology, 12, 251–265.
52.
van den BergJ. (1972). A different existence: Principles of phenomenological psychopathology. Pittsburgh, PA: Duquesne University Press.
53.
WatanabeY.KatoS. (2004). Recurrence of screwiness in chronic schizophrenia: Psychopathological considerations of Mitwelt oriented screwiness. Seishin Shinkeigaku Zasshi, 106(6), 712–722.
