Grammatical and Phonological Manifestations of Null Copula in a Tri-Ethnic Contact Situation

Bailey, G. , and N. Maynor . 1987. Decreolization? Language and Society 16:449-474.

Baugh, J. 1980. A Reexamination of the Black English Copula. In Locating Language in Time and Space, edited by W. Labov . New York: Academic Press.

Blake, R. 1997. Defining the Envelope of Linguistic Variation: The Case of “don’t count” Forms in the Copula Analysis of African American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 9 (1): 57-80.

Butters, R. 1989. The Death of Black English: Divergence and Convergence in Black and White Vernaculars. Frankfurt: Peter Lang.

Cedegren, H. , and D. Sankoff . 1974. Variable Rules: Performance as a Statistical Reflection of Competence. Language 50:333-355.

Craig, Beth . 1991. American Indian English. English World Wide 12:125-161.

Dannenberg, Clare. 1996. Moving toward a Diachronic and Synchronic Definition of Lumbee English. M.A. thesis, North Carolina State University, Raleigh.

Dannenberg, Clare , and Walt Wolfram . Forthcoming. The Roots of Lumbee English. Raleigh: North Carolina Language and Life Project.

Dial, Adolph . 1993. The Lumbee. New York: Chelsea Ridge.

Dial, Adolph , and David K. Eliades . 1975. The Only Land I Knew: A History of the Lumbee Indians. San Francisco: Indian Historical Press.

Fasold, Ralph. 1990. Contraction and Deletion inVernacular Black English: Creole History and Relationship to Euro-American English. Unpublished manuscript.

Hazen, Kirk. 1996. Past and Present BE in Southern Ethnolinguistic Boundaries. Ph.D. dissertation, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill.

Holm, J. 1976. Copula Variability on the Afro-American Continuum. Paper presented at the first biennial meeting of the Society for Caribbean Linguistics, University of Guyana, Georgetown.

Knick, Stanley . Forthcoming. From the Beginning: Archaeology in the Land of the Lumbee.

Labov, William . 1969. Contraction, Deletion, and Inherent Variability of the English Copula. Language 45:715-762.

Leap, B. 1993. American Indian English. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.

McElhinny, Bonnie . 1990. Copula and Auxiliary Contraction in the Speech of White Americans. American Speech 68:371-399.

Meyer, Duane . 1961. The Highland Scots of North Carolina: 1732-1776.Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.

Miller, Jason . 1997. Selective Convergence and Ethnic Identities: Evidence from Third Person -sin a Native American Community. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Linguistic Society of America, Chicago.

Montgomery, Michael . 1989. Exploring the Roots of Appalachian English. English World Wide 10 (2): 227-278.

Poplack, S. , and D. Sankoff . 1987. The Philadelphia Story in the Spanish Caribbean. American Speech 62:291-314.

Rickford, John , Arnetha Ball , Renee Blake , Raina Jackson , and Nomi Martin . 1991. Rappin on the Copula Coffin: Theoretical and Methodological Issue in the Analysis of Copula Variation in African-American Vernacular English. Language Variation and Change 3:103-132.

Weldon, Tracey. Forthcoming. Exploring the AAVE-Gullah Connection: A Comparative Study of the Copula. Ph.D. dissertation, Ohio State University.

Wolfram, Walt . 1974. The Relationship of White Southern Speech to Vernacular Black English. Language 50:498-527.

Wolfram, Walt . 1996. Delineation and Description in Dialectology: The Case of Perfective I’min Lumbee English. American Speech 71:5-26.