Anti-Darwin,Anti-Spencer: Friedrich Nietzsche's Critique of Darwin and “Darwinism”

Nietzsche Friedrich , The birth of tragedy and The case of Wagner, transl. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1967), 18.

Nietzsche Friedrich , Beyond good and evil, transl. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1966), 21–22.

Nietzsche Friedrich , The will to power, transl. by Kaufmann Walter Hollingdale R. J. , ed. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1968), 339.

Ibid., 333.

Kuhn Thomas , The structure of scientific revolutions (Chicago, 1970).

Nietzsche Friedrich , The gay science, transl. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1974), 266.

Nehamas Alexander , Nietzsche: Life as literature (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 65.

Nietzsche Friedrich , Human, all too human, transl. by Hollingdale R. J. (Cambridge, 1986), 302.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 68.

Ibid., 9.

Ibid., 12.

Ibid., 12.

Ibid., 13.

Nietzsche Friedrich , Twilight of the idols , in The portable Nietzsche, ed. and transl. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1984), 463–563, p. 485.

Nietzsche Friedrich , On the genealogy of morals and Ecce homo, transl. by Kaufmann Walter Hollingdale R. J. , ed. by Kaufmann Walter (New York, 1969), 152.

Ibid., 116.

Ibid., 147.

Ibid., 153.

Ibid., 155.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 17), 261. The debate about whether or not Nietzsche may be considered a Darwinist has continued well into the twentieth century. Thinkers who label Nietzsche a Darwinist include Martin Heidegger (see Heidegger , Nietzsche , ed. by Krell David Farrell (San Francisco, 1987), iii, 41 and 101), and more recently, Wilcox John T. (see Wilcox , Truth and value in Nietzsche: A study of his metaethics and epistemology (Ann Arbor, 1974), 146).

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 17), 21.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 343.

Ibid., 362.

Ibid., 364.

Ibid., 365.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 16), 523.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 217.

Ritvo Lucille B. , Darwin's influence on Freud: A tale of two sciences (New Haven, Ct, 1990), 99.

Ibid., 101.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 344.

Schwartz Stephen P. , “The status of Nietzsche's theory of the will to power in the light of contemporary philosophy of science”, International studies in philosophy, xxv (1993), 85–92, p. 90.

Moles Alistair , Nietzsche's philosophy of nature and cosmology (New York, 1990), 142.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 364.

Kaufmann Walter , Nietzsche: Philosopher, psychologist, antichrist, 4th edn (Princeton, N.J., 1974), 329.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 361.

Weindling Paul Julian , Darwinism and Social Darwinism in Imperial Germany: The contribution of the cell biologist Oscar Hertwig (1849–1922) (New York, 1991), 16.

Hull David , “Darwinism and historiography”, in Glick Thomas F. (ed.), The comparative reception of Darwinism (Austin, Texas, 1972), 388–402, p. 394.

Kelly Alfred , The descent of Darwin: The popularization of Darwinism in Germany, 1860–1914 (Chapel Hill, N.C., 1981), 5.

Ibid., 19.

Ibid., 124.

Ibid., 144.

Ibid., 136.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 8), 282.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 411.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 17), 54.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 16), 542.

Nietzsche Friedrich , The antichrist , in The portable Nietzsche, ed. by Kaufmann (ref. 16), 565–656, p. 647.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 8), 288.

Nietzsche Friedrich , Untimely meditations, transl. by Hollingdale R. J. (New York, 1991), 5.

Ibid., 16.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 8), 282.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 16), 506.

Bergmann Peter , Nietzsche, “The last antipolitical German” (Bloomington, Ind., 1987), 30.

Ansell-Pearson Keith , “The significance of Michel Foucault's reading of Nietzsche: Power, the subject, and political theory”, Nietzsche-Studien , 1991, 267–83, p. 268.

Weikart Richard , “The origins of Social Darwinism in Germany, 1859–1895”, Journal of the history of ideas, liv (1993), 469–88, p. 471.

Bowler Peter J. , The eclipse of Darwinism: Anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900 (Baltimore, 1983), 41.

Ibid., 42.

Ibid., 71.

Bowler Peter J. , The non-Darwinian revolution: Reinterpreting a historical myth (Baltimore, 1988), 39.

Nietzsche Friedrich , Nietzsche Werke: Kritische Gesamtausgabe, ed. by Colli Giorgio Montinari Mazzino (Berlin, 1967), Part V, i, 720.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 44.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 6), 334.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 17), 329–30.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 62), 358.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 206.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 17), 78–79.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 3), 479.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 62), 756.

Nietzsche , op. cit. (ref. 6), 153.

Kofman Sarah , Le mépris des Juifs: Nietzsche, les Juifs, l'antisémitisme (Paris, 1994), 71.

Ibid., 71–72.

Ibid., 72.

Ibid., 73.

Lenoir Timothy , The strategy of life: Teleology and mechanics in nineteenth century German biology (Boston, 1982), 2.

Ibid., 272.