Essay Review: Hustlers and Patrons of Science,Millikan's School: A History of the California Institute of Technology,Partners in Science: Foundations and Natural Scientists 1900–1945

Millikan Robert A. , The autobiography of Robert A. Millikan (London, 1951), 237.

Millikan , Autobiography (ref. 1), 270.

An excellent survey of the novelties of science in the USA is Reingold N. Reingold I. H. , Science in America: A documentary history 1900–1939 (Chicago and London, 1981).

Penetrating surveys are: Hannaway O. , “The German model of chemical education in America: Ira Remsen at Johns Hopkins (1876–1913)”, Ambix, xxiii (1976), 145–64; Geiger R. L. , To advance knowledge: The growth of American research universities, 1900–1940 (Oxford, 1986); Kohler R. E. , “The PhD machine: Building on the collegiate base”, Isis, lxxxi (1990), 638–62.

Kargon R. H. , “Temple to science: Cooperative research and the birth of the California Institute of Technology”, Historical studies in the physical sciences, viii (1977), 3–31.

Kevles D. , “George Ellery Hale, the First World War, and the advancement of science in America”, Isis, lix (1968), 427–37; Reingold N. , “The case of the disappearing laboratory”, American quarterly, xxix (1977), 79–101, reprinted with introductory comment in Reingold N. , Science, American style (New Brunswick and London, 1991), 224–46; Reingold Reingold , Science in America (ref. 3), 193–283.

Wright H. , Explorer of the universe: A biography of George Ellery Hale (New York, 1966); eadem, The great Palomar telescope (London, 1953); Reingold Reingold , Science in America (ref. 3), 56–72.

Servos J. W. , “The knowledge corporation: A. A. Noyes and chemistry at Cal-Tech, 1915–1930”, Ambix, xxiii (1976), 175–86.

Servos J. W. , Physical chemistry from Ostwald to Pauling: The making of a science in America (Princeton, 1990), especially pp. 263–98.

Pauling L. , “A. A. Noyes”, in Dictionary of scientific biography.

Kargon R. H. , “The conservative mode: Robert A. Millikan and the twentieth-century revolution in physics”, Isis, lxviii (1977), 509–26; idem, The rise of Robert Millikan: Portrait of a life in American science (Cornell, 1982), especially pp. 92–161.

Millikan , Autobiography (ref. 1), 234–8, 242–71.

Allen G. E. , Thomas Hunt Morgan: The man and his science (Princeton, 1978), 334–95.

Hall A. R. , Science for industry: A short history of the Imperial College of Science and Technology (London, 1982); Harte N. , The University of London 1836–1986: An illustrated history (London, 1986).

Goodstein , Caltech, 122–4; 261–5.

Kohler , Partners, 397.

Kohler , Partners, 157–8; Goodstein , Caltech, 213–27.

Kohler , Partners, 202–56.

Kohler , Partners, 207–8.

Kohler , Partners, 201, 93.

On Gutenberg see the entry in Dictionary of scientific biography.

Heilbron J. L. Seidel R. W. , Lawrence and his laboratory: A history of the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, i (Berkeley, Los Angeles and Oxford, 1989).

Millikan , Autobiography (ref. 1), 267–9, 256–7.

Servos J. W. , “The industrial relations of science: Chemical engineering at MIT, 1900–1939”, Isis, lxxi (1980), 531–49.

Kohler R. E. , From medical chemistry to biochemistry: The making of a biomedical discipline (Cambridge, 1982).

Wilson L. , review of Kohler, From medical chemistry to biochemistry, Journal of the history of medicine, xxxviii (1983), 462–4.

Miller H. S. , Dollars for research: Science and its patrons in nineteenth-century America (Seattle, 1970); Fosdick R. B. , The story of the Rockefeller Foundation (New York, 1952); Fosdick , Adventure in giving: The story of the [Rockefeller] General Education Board (New York, 1962); Gray G. W. , Education on an international scale: A history of the [Rockefeller] International Education Board, 1923–1938 (New York, 1941); Corner G. W. , A history of the Rockefeller Institute, 1901–1953 (New York, 1964).

Reingold N. , “National science policy in a private foundation: The Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1902–1920”, in Oleson A. Voss J. (eds), The organisation of knowledge in modern America 1860–1920 (Baltimore, 1979), 313–41, reprinted in Reingold , Science, American style (ref. 6), 190–223; Reingold Reingold , Science in America (ref. 3), 7–55.

Olby R. C. , The path to the double helix (London, 1974), especially pp. 441–3; Abir-Am P. , “The discourse of physical power and biological knowledge in the 1930s: A reappraisal of the Rockefeller Foundation's ‘policy’ in molecular biology”, Social studies of science, xii (1982), 341–82.

Aaserud F. , Redirecting science: Neils Bohr, philanthropy, and the rise of nuclear physics (Cambridge, 1990).

Kohler R. E. , “The management of science: The experience of Warren Weaver and the Rockefeller Foundation programme in molecular biology”, Minerva, xiv (1976), 279–306.

Kohler , Partners, 4.

Kohler , Partners, 170.

Kohler , Partners, 180; Harte , University of London (ref. 14), 203–11; Beveridge W. H. , Power and influence (London, 1953), 185–204.

Nature , cxxii (1928), 632, 941; Nature, cxxxiv (1934), 563, 649–52.

Kohler , Partners, 186–7; “Report of the Council of the Senate on a proposed benefaction for the new University Library and for developments in agriculture, biology, and physics”, Cambridge University reporter, lix (1928), 162–6; discussion of this Report, ibid., 235–40.

Kohler , Partners, 6.

Kohler , Partners, 262, 338–41, 348–52. For details of Wrinch's Oxford career see Abir-Am P. G. , “Synergy or clash: Disciplinary and marital strategies in the career of mathematical biologist Dorothy Wrinch”, in Abir-Am Outram D. (eds), Uneasy careers and intimate lives: Women in science, 1789–1979 (New Brunswick and London, 1987), 239–80.

Oxford University Gazette, lxii (1931–32), 525–6; lxiii (1932–33), 21–22; lxvi (1935–36), 14, 186; lxvii (1936–37), 26, 234; lxx (1939–40), 53, 58, 252; Ord M. G. Stocken L. A. , The Oxford biochemistry department: Its history and activities 1920–1985 (Oxford, 1990); Krebs H. A. , “Sir Archibald Garrod”, in Dewhurst K. (ed.), Oxford medicine: Essays on the evolution of the Oxford clinical school to commemorate the bicentary [sic] of the Radcliffe Infirmary 1770–1970 (Sandford, 1970), 127–35. For Young and Abraham, see Who's who.

Abir-Am P. G. , “The discourse of physical power” (ref. 29).

Bernal J. D. , The social function of science (London, 1939), 206.