Do We Understand Historically How Experimental Knowledge is Acquired?

See especially, Thackray Arnold , “Science: Has its present past a future?”, in Historical and philosophical perspectives of science, ed. by Stuewer Roger H. (Minneapolis, 1970), 112–33.

Gooding David Pinch Trevor , and Schaffer Simon (eds), The uses of experiment: Studies in the natural sciences (Cambridge, 1989), pp. xiii–xv.

Golinski Jan , “Experiment in scientific practice”, History of science, xxviii (1990), 203–9, p. 203.

Collins Harry and Shapin Steven , “Experiment, science teaching, and the new history and sociology of science”, in Teaching the history of science, ed. by Shortland Michael and Warwick Andrew (Oxford, 1989), 67–79, pp. 68–69.

Galison Peter , How experiments end (Chicago, 1987), p. ix.

Gooding (eds), op. cit. (ref. 2), p. xiii.

Guerlac Henry , “Some historical assumptions of the history of science”, in Essays and papers in the history of modern science (Baltimore, 1977), 27–39, p. 37.

Cohen I. Bernard , Franklin and Newton: An inquiry into speculative Newtonian experimental science and Franklin's work in electricity as an example thereof (Philadelphia, 1956), pp. vii–xi.

Guerlac Henry , Lavoisier — The crucial year: The background and origin of his first experiments on combustion in 1772 (Ithaca, 1961), p. xiii.

ibid., 130–41.

Cantor Geoffroy , “The rhetoric of experiment”, in Gooding (eds), op. cit. (ref. 2), 159–80.

Shapin Steven and Schaffer Simon , Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life (Princeton, 1989), 49–79.

Cantor , op. cit. (ref. 11), 159.

Gooding , op. cit. (ref. 2), 5.

Williams L. Pearce , Michael Faraday (New York, [1966]).

Heilbron J. L. , Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: A study of early modern physics (Berkeley, 1979).

Heilbron J. L. , Elements of early modern physics (Berkeley, 1982), p. ix.

Frank Robert G. Jr , Harvey and the Oxford physiologists: A study of scientific ideas (Berkeley, 1980).

Geison Gerald L. , Michael Foster and the Cambridge school of physiology: The scientific enterprise in late Victorian society (Princeton, 1978); Lesch John E. , Science and medicine in France: The emergence of experimental physiology (Cambridge, Mass., 1984).

Grmek M. D. , Raisonnement expérimental et recherches toxicologiques chez Claude Bernard (Geneva, 1973); Holmes Frederic Lawrence , Claude Bernard and animal chemistry (Cambridge, Mass., 1974).

Shapin and Schaffer , op. cit. (ref. 12), 3.

ibid., 4–5, 16–17.

ibid., 22–79, 110–224.

ibid., 225–82.

ibid., 26–30, 40–49.

Boyle Robert , New experiments physico-mechanical touching the spring in the air, and its effects, made for the most part, in a new pneumatical engine , 2nd edn (Oxford, 1662), “To the Reader”, [4].

ibid., 11, 156.

Shapin and Schaffer , op. cit. (ref. 12), 162.

Boyle , op. cit. (ref. 26), 207.

Frank , op. cit. (ref. 18), 130.

For example, Boyle , op. cit. (ref. 26), 48.

ibid., 50, 125, 169.

ibid., “To the Reader”, [4].

ibid., 30.

ibid., 93.

ibid., 45, 48.

ibid., 65–70.

ibid., 10–11.

ibid., 120, 156.

ibid., 21–30, 40–48, 72–100, 141–55.

ibid., 52.

ibid., 205. Dr Lawrence Principe has kindly shown me examples of lists of proposed experiments that Boyle commonly drew up for himself. I have not investigated further whether this particular list, or “catalogue”, has survived.

ibid., 75.

ibid., 101.

ibid., 76.

ibid., 101.

ibid., 52–64.

ibid., 113–14, 202.

ibid., 95.

ibid., 99.

ibid., 101, 104, 105.

ibid., 110.

ibid., 2.

Boyle Robert , A defence of the doctrine touching the spring and weight of the air … against the objections of Franciscus Linus (London, 1662), 69, 78; Boyle Robert , An examen of Mr. T. Hobbes his Dialogus physicus de natura aeris (London, 1662), 3.

Boyle , op. cit. (ref. 26), 61.

ibid., 77–82.

ibid., 159, 160, 161, 200, 203.

ibid., 86, 91–92, 110,200.

ibid., 111.

ibid., 135, 139–40, 147.

Phrase used by Steven Shapin during a discussion at a conference on history of chemistry at the Beckmann Center for the History of Chemistry, Philadelphia, May 1990.

Gooding David , “‘Magnetic curves’ and the magnetic field: Experimentation and representation in the history of a theory”, in Gooding (eds), op. cit. (ref. 2), 192.

See Holmes Frederic L. , Eighteenth-century chemistry as an investigative enterprise (Berkeley, 1989), 125–6.