Drosophila and Evolutionary Genetics: The Moral Economy of Scientific Practice

Thompson E.P. , “The moral economy of the English crowd in the eighteenth century”, Past and present, 1 (1971), 76–136.

Shapin Steven Schaffer Simon , Leviathan and the air-pump: Hobbes, Boyle, and the experimental life (Princeton, 1985). Shapin Steven , “The house of experiment in seventeenth-century England”, Isis, lxxix (1988), 373–404. Idem, “Who was Robert Hooke?”, in Hunter Michael Schaffer Simon (eds), Robert Hooke: New studies (Woodbridge, Suffolk, 1989), 253–86.

Galison Peter , “Bubble chambers and the experimental workplace”, in Achinstein Peter Hannaway Owen (eds), Observation, experiment, and hypothesis in modern physical science (Cambridge, Mass., 1985), 309–73. Idem, How experiments end (Chicago, 1987). Schaffer Simon , “Astronomers mark time: Discipline and the personal equation”, Science in context, ii (1988), 115–46.

Kohler Robert E. , “Systems of production: Drosophila, Neurospora, and biochemical genetics”, Historical studies in the physical and biological sciences (in press).

Provine William B. , “Origins of The genetics of natural population series”, in Lewontin Richard C. Moore John A. Provine William B. Wallace Bruce (eds), Dobzhansky's Genetics of natural populations I-XLIII (New York, 1981), 5–79. Lewontin R. C. , “The Scientific work of Th. Dobzhansky”, ibid., 93–115. Mayr Ernst Provine William B. , The evolutionary synthesis (Cambridge, Mass., 1980). Provine William B. , “The role of mathematical population geneticists in the evolutionary synthesis of the 1930s and 1940s”, Studies in the history of biology, ii (1978), 167–92.

Dobzhansky T. , oral history, 238–9, 247–51, Butler Library, Columbia University. Cited hereafter as “oral history”.

Ibid., 243–5. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 7 Jan. 1934, MD.

Oral history, 275–6, 271–2. Schultz to Beadle, 31 July 1970, JS. Allen Garland E. , Thomas Hunt Morgan: The man and his science (Princeton, 1978), chs 6, 9. Carlson Elof A. , Genes, radiation, and society: The life and work of H. J. Muller (Ithaca, N.Y., 1981), ch. 5. Idem, “The Drosophila group: The transition from Mendelian unit to the individual gene”, Journal of the history of biology, vii (1974), 31–48.

Ayala Francisco J. , “Theodosius Dobzhansky”, Biographical memoirs of the National Academy of Sciences, lv (1985), 163–228. Morgan T. H. , “Calvin Blackman Bridges”, ibid., xxii (1941), 31–48. Anderson Thomas F. , “Jack Schultz”, ibid., xlvii (1975), 393–423. Sturtevant A. H. , “Thomas Hunt Morgan”, ibid., xxxiii (1959), 283–325. Lewis E. B. (ed.), Alfred H. Sturtevant, genetics and evolution (New York, 1961), 320–6. Not counted in Table 1 are annual reports in the Carnegie Institution Yearbook, reviews, abstracts, and general papers.

Carlson , Muller , 68–69, 116–17, 198–9; “Drosophila group”.

Provine , “Origins”, 13–17. Oral history, 270–4.

Schrader F. to Stern C. , 29 Oct. 1927, 21 Jan., 7, 30 June 1928, 11 Feb. 1929, CS.

Oral history, 270.

Oral history, 244–7, 328. Provine , “Origins”, 18–20. Dobzhansky T. Bridges C. B. , “Reproductive systems of triploid intersexes in Drosophila melanogaster”, American naturalist, lxii (1928), 425–34.

Oral history, 282–3, 294–9. Dobzhansky T. , “Translocations involving the third and the fourth chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster”, Genetics, xv (1930), 347–99. Muller H. J. to Altenburg E. , 14 July 1928, HJM (alphabetical). Carlson, Gene, ch. 10.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 30 Sept., 18 Oct., 1 Nov. 1933, 7, 16 Jan. 1934. Demerec to Dobzhansky , 8 Nov. 1933, MD.

Provine , “Origins”, 48–49.

Ibid. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 16, 21 Feb. 1934, MD.

Provine , “Origins”, 21–30.

Oral history, 329–33. Dobzhansky T. , “The decrease of crossing-over observed in translocations and its probable explanation”, American naturalist, lxv (1931), 214–32. Dobzhansky T. Schultz J. , “Triploid hybrids between Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila simulans”, Journal of experimental zoology, lxv (1933), 73–82; and “The distribution of sex-factors in the X-chromosomes of Drosophila melanogaster”, Journal of genetics, xxviii (1934), 349–86.

Provine , “Origins”, 6–13. Dobzhansky T. , “Über den Bau des Geschlechtsapparats einiger Mutanten von Drosophila melanogaster Meig”, Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs und Vererbungslehre, xxxiv (1924), 245–8.

Provine , “Origins”, 23–26. Lancefield D. , “A genetic study of crosses of two races or physiological species of Drosophila obscura”, Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs und Vererbungslehre, lii (1929), 287–317. Pseudoobscura was at first mis-identified as the European species, D. obscura.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 18 Jan. 1933; also, 17 Dec. 1932, MD. Provine to Lancefield, 26 Dec. 1979, with Lancefield's replies. Provine, notes of conversation with R. Boche, 20 Dec. 1979, WP. Lancefield to L. C. Dunn, 6 Apr., 5 May 1929, 19 July 1939, LCD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 17 Dec. 1932; 18 Jan., 6 June, 22 Aug., 30 Sept. 1933, MD. Oral history, 331–2. Sturtevant to F.B. Hanson, 21 Jan. 1935, RF 1.1 205D 787. Dobzhansky T. Boche R. D. , “Intersterile races of Drosophila pseudoobscura Frol.”, Biologisches Zentralblatt, liii (1933), 314–30. Dobzhansky T. , “The Y-chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura”, Genetics, xx (1935), 366–76. A ‘strong’ strain was defined as one in which female genes strongly altered the effects of male genes in hybrids.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 18 Jan. 1933; also, 1 Nov. 1933, MD.

Provine , “Origins”, 28–30. Oral history, 329–32.

Oral history, 383–5, 355–9. Dobzhansky T. , “Studies on hybrid sterility, I. Spermatogenesis in pure and hybrid Drosophila pseudoobscura”, Zeitschrift für Zellforschung, xxi (1934), 169–223.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 10 Dec. 1934, 19 Jan., 21 Apr. 1935, MD. Dobzhansky T. , “Studies on hybrid sterility. II. Localization of sterility factors in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids”, Genetics, xxi (1936), 113–35. Oral history, 355–9.

Oral history, 361–2. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 7, 16 Jan., 21 Feb., 2 Apr. 1934, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 21 Feb. 1934, MD. Dobzhansky to Hanson, 8 Feb. 1935. RF 205D 1.1 7 87. Dobzhansky T. , “Fecundity in Drosophila pseudoobscura at different temperatures”, Journal of experimental zoology, lxxi (1935), 449–64.

Dobzhansky to E. Mayr, 15 Dec. 1970, TD.

Hanson diary, 14 Nov. 1934, 21 Aug. 1936. RF 1.1 205D 7 86 and 88.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 21 Feb., 2 Apr. 1934, 19 Jan. 1935; Demerec to Dobzhansky , 9, 26, Jan. 1935, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 1 Nov. 1933, MD. Sturtevant A. H. Dobzhansky T. , “Geographical distribution and cytology of ‘sex-ratio’ in Drosophila pseudoobscura and related species”, Genetics, xxi (1936), 473–90.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 10 Dec. 1934, MD. Dobzhansky T. , “Drosophila miranda, a new species”, Genetics, xx (1935), 377–91. Dobzhansky T. Sturtevant A. H. , “Further data on maternal effects in Drosophila pseudoobscura hybrids”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, xxi (1935), 566–70.

Sturtevant A. H. , “The North American Species of Drosophila”, Carnegie Institution of Washington, publ. no. 301 (1921); idem, “The Genetics of Drosophila simulans”, Carnegie Institution of Washington, publ. no. 339 (1929).

Oral history, 327–9. Morgan Morgan , “Bridges”, 38–39. Weaver diary, 24 Apr. 1934; Hanson diary, 14 Nov. 1934, RF 1.1 205D 7 86. Demerec to Dobzhansky , 9 Jan. 1935, MD.

Oral history, 370–9, 380–3, 419–34.

Oral history, 358–66, 403–4. Provine , “Origins”, 37–40. Dobzhansky T. Tan C. C. , “Studies on hybrid sterility. III. A comparison of the gene arrangement in two species, Drosophila pseudoobscura and Drosophila miranda”, Zeitschrift für Induktive Abstammungs und Vererbungslehre, lxxii (1936), 88–114.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 26 Jan., 6, 17 Feb., 12 Dec. 1936, MD. Provine , “Origins”, 30–42. Oral history, 404–5. Sturtevant A. H. Dobzhansky T. , “Inversions in the third chromosome of wild races of Drosophila pseudoobscura, and their use in the study of the history of the species”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, xxii (1936), 448–50. Dobzhansky T. Sturtevant A. H. , “Inversions in the chromosomes of Drosophila pseudoobscura”, Genetics, xxiii (1938), 28–64.

Sturtevant to Wright , 18 Mar. 1936, and “Draft and prospect of the Drosophila pseudoobscura analysis”, SW. Reproduced in Provine , “Origins”, 42–45.

Oral history, 384–8. Provine , “Origins”, 45–46. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 7, 20 May 1936; Demerec to Dobzhansky , 11 May 1936, 4 Jan. 1938, MD. Demerec to Dobzhansky , 18 May 1936, TD. Demerec was waiting for N. W. Timofeef-Ressovsky to decline an offer so he could make an offer to Dobzhansky instead.

Oral history, 397.

Provine , “Origins”, 47–53.

Oral history, 273–4. Dobzhansky to Mayr, 29 Mar. 1975, TD. Provine , “Origins”, 30–32. Morgan to O. Mohr, 16 Mar. 1922, THM.

Hanson diary, 15–17 July 1936, RF 1.1 205D 7 88. Morgan to J. C. Merriam, 1 May 1937, 23, 27 Dec. 1938; V. Bush to Morgan, 19 Sept. 1939, CIW. Morgan to Schultz, 9 Oct. 1939, JS. Morgan had agreed when he came to Caltech in 1928 that he would retire in five years to make way for a younger man or men. Morgan to Millikan, n.d. [22 May 1933], THM-CIT box 1.

Morgan to Millikan, [?] Apr. 1939; Sturtevant to Millikan, 9 Apr. 1939, RAM box 18.

Oral history, 262–8.

Schrader to Stern , 11 Feb. 1929, CS.

Demerec to East E. M. , 20 July 1935, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 20 May, 25 Nov. 1936. Sturtevant to Demerec, 26 May 1936, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 24 Mar. 1938, MD. Dobzhansky to Dunn, 2 Apr. 1938, LCD. Contrast Sturtevant to Wright, 11 May 1936, SW.

Oral history, 406–7, 416–18, 437–9. Mayr E. to Provine W. , 16 Aug., 19 Nov. 1979, 7 Feb. 1980, WP. Dobzhansky to Merriam, 9 Sept. 1938 and “Concerning proposed studies on the genetics of natural populations”, CIW. Dobzhansky T. Queal M. L. , “Genetics of natural populations. I. Chromosome variation in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura inhabiting isolated mountain ranges”, Genetics, xxii (1938), 239–51. Idem, “Genetics of natural populations. II. Genic variation in populations of Drosophila pseudoobscura inhabiting isolated mountain ranges”, ibid., 463–84.

Oral history, 404–15. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 28 May, 25 July, 12 Sept. 1937, MD.

Oral history, 368.

Oral history. Ayala, “Dobzhansky” (ref. 9).

Dobzhansky to Schultz , 21 Mar. 1941, also 19 Jan. 1941, JS. Oral history, 290–1.

Oral history, 419–34. Glass Bentley (ed.), The roving naturalist: Travel letters of Theodosius Dobzhansky (Philadelphia, 1980).

Dobzhansky told Demerec that he intended and hoped that his Mexican trip would be his last. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 19 Jan. 1935, also 10 Dec. 1934, MD. L. C. Dunn to Dobzhansky, 24 Apr. 1938, TD.

Dobzhansky T. , “Experimental studies on genetics of free-living populations of Drosophila”, Biological reviews, xiv (1939), 339–86, pp. 345–6.

Oral history, 330–9. Sturtevant to Demerec, 27 Aug. 1927, MD.

Dobzhansky to Hanson, 17 Jan., 15 Feb. 1934, 8 Feb. 1935, RF 205D 7 86. Dobzhansky to Merriam, 17 Feb. 1937 and “The general purpose of the proposed work”, CIW f. Morgan. Dobzhansky to Merriam, 9 Sept. 1938 and other documents, CIW.

Dobzhansky to Dunn , 10 Mar. 1940, 4, 15 June, 9, 17 Aug. 1941, 4 Aug. 1942, LCD. P. Koller to H. J. Muller, 27 May, HJM (chronological).

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 2, 17 Feb., 24 Mar., 2 Apr. 1938, MD. T. Dobzhansky, “Collecting, transporting, and shipping wild species of Drosophila”, Drosophila Information Service no. 6 (1936), 28–29.

Spoehr H. A. to Gilbert W. M. , 14 Sept. 1945, Dobzhansky to Spoehr, 21 Sept. 1945, CIW.

Spoehr to Gilbert , 8 Oct. 1945. Also, Spoehr to Gilbert, 9 Nov. 1945; Clausen memo, 8 Nov. 1945, CIW. Dobzhansky to Dunn, n.d. [early May 1938], TD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 10, 28, May 1937, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 25 July 1937, also 23 Apr., 14 May 1938, MD.

Koller to Muller , 13 July 1938, HJM (chronological).

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 12 Sept. 1937, MD.

Dobzhansky to Schultz , 5 Jan. 1939, JS.

Oral history, 404–15, quote from pp. 414–15. Also, Dobzhansky to Demerec , 28 May, 25 July, 12 Sept. 1937, MD.

Provine , “Origins”, 48–50. Novitski E. to Provine , 1 Dec. 1979; Mayr E. to Provine , 7 Feb. 1980; Bonner J. to Provine , 27 Dec. 1979; Moore J. A. to Provine , 11 Sept. 1979, WP.

Schrader to Stern , 5 Dec. 1945, CS.

Kohler R. E. , Partners in science: Foundations and natural scientists, 1900–1945 (Chicago, 1991), 334–6, 341–5.

Dobzhansky to Schultz , 5 Jan. 1939, JS. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 10 Mar. 1939, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 3, 10, Mar. 1939, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 25 Nov. 1936, MD.

Correspondence with Patterson J. T. Spencer W. P. Stalker H. Wheeler M. R. , AHS boxes 5 and 6.

Sturtevant A. H. Tan C. C. , “The comparative genetics of Drosophila pseudoobscura”, Journal of genetics, xxxiv (1937), 415–32. Sturtevant A. H. , “On the subdivision of the genus Drosophila”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, xxv (1939), 137–41. Sturtevant A. H. Novitsky E. , “The homologies of the chromosome elements in the genus Drosophila”, Genetics, xxvi (1941), 517–41.

Sturtevant A. H. , “Essays on evolution”, Quarterly review of biology”, xii (1937), 464–7; xiii (1938), 74–76, 333–5.

Mayr E. to Provine , 19 Nov. 1979, WP.

Sturtevant A. H. , “An effect of the Y-chromosome on the sex-ratio of interracial hybrids of Drosophila pseudoobscura”, Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, xxiii (1937), 360–2.

Provine , “Origins”, 52. Dobzhansky Queal , “Genic variation”, 463. Dobzhansky , “Experimental studies”, 345–6.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 7 Jan. 1934, 16 Apr., 18 Nov. 1936, MD. Dobzhansky to J. Patterson, 6 May 1936, TD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 20 May 1936; also 7 May, 25 Nov. 1936; 7, 16 Jan. 1934, MD. Dobzhansky to Schultz , 5 Jan. 1939, JS.

Demerec to Dobzhansky , 4 Jan., 30 Mar. 1938, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 20 May 1936, MD.

Schultz to Beadle , 31 July 1971, JS.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 3 Mar. 1939, MD.

Dunn to Dobzhansky , 24 Apr. 1938, 2 May 1939, TD. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 15 Nov., 24 Dec. 1939; Hisaw F. L. to Morgan , 27 Oct. 1939; Schrader Franz to Demerec , 29 June, 25 July 1935; Demerec to Schrader , 12, 15, 17 July 1935, MD.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 15 Nov. 1939; also, 23 Nov. 1939, MD. Demerec to Dobzhansky , 20 Nov. 1939, TD.

Morgan to Schultz , 9 Oct. 1939; Schultz to Morgan , 22 Aug. 1942; Schultz to Stadler L. J. , 26 Aug. 1942; Schultz to Sturtevant , n.d. [early 1939], JS. Morgan to Bush, 25 Jan., 28 Sept. 1939, 19 Oct. 1940; Bush to Morgan, 19 Sept. 1939, CIW.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 19 Oct. 1939; also 24 Dec. 1938, 2 Feb., 4, 23, 27 Oct., 8, 15, 16 Nov. 1939, 30 Jan. 1940, MD. Demerec to Dobzhansky , 20 Nov. 1939, TD. Dobzhansky to Schultz, 5 Jan. 1939, JS.

Dobzhansky to Demerec , 30 Jan. 1940, also, 3, 9, Feb. 1940, MD. Dunn to Dobzhansky , 1 Feb. 1940, TD. Dobzhansky to Dunn , 2 May 1938, 3 Mar. 1939, 30 Jan. 1940, LCD. Dobzhansky to Muller , 14 May 1940, HJM (alphabetical).

Dobzhansky to Dunn , 26 Feb. 1940, LCD.

Goldschmidt to Dobzhansky , 19 Feb. 1940, TD.

Sturtevant to Dobzhansky , 5 Feb. 1940, TD. Dobzhansky to Demerec , 9 Feb. 1940, MD. Dobzhansky to Schultz , 21 Mar. 1941, JS. Dobzhansky to Muller , 14 Apr. 1941, HJM (alphabetical). Provine “Origins”, 53, 56.