Two substantial English-language anthologies on feminist issues in science appeared during 1986 and 1987. Twenty-three different authors are represented in BleierRuth (ed.), Feminist approaches to science (New York, 1986) and HardingSandra and O'BarrJean F. (eds), Sex and scientific inquiry (Chicago, 1987). Sandra Harding's The science question in feminism (Ithaca, 1986) provides a good survey of the state of play on the conceptual side.
2.
See WhatleyMarianne, “Taking feminist science to the classroom: Where do we go from here?” in Bleier (ed.), Feminist approaches to science, 182–5, for a clear statement of feminist concerns with biological determinist science.
3.
MerchantCarolyn, The death of nature: Women, ecology, and the Scientific Revolution (San Francisco, 1980).
4.
Harding, The science question in feminism, 16.
5.
Harding, The science question in feminism, 29.
6.
KellerEvelyn Fox, “Feminism and science”, in Harding and O'Barr (eds), Sex and scientific inquiry, 233–46, p. 233.
7.
See JacksonAllyn, “Feminist critiques of science”, Notices of the American Mathematical Society, vi (1989), 671–2.
8.
FeeElizabeth, “Women's nature and scientific objectivity”, in LoweMarian and HubbardRuth (eds), Woman's nature: Rationalizations of inequality (New York, 1983), 11–13.
9.
See HalévyElie, The growth of philosophic radicalism (New York, 1928).
10.
Cited in FergusonMaria and ToddJanet, Mary Wollstonecraft (Boston, 1984), 54–55.
11.
On Wollstonecraft's anti-clericalism, see Ferguson and Todd, Mary Wollstonecraft, 10, 50–51.
12.
WollstonecraftMary, A vindication of the rights of woman (New York, 1975, from 1792 original), 21.
13.
Wollstonecraft, Vindication, 8–10.
14.
Harding, The science question in feminism, 25.
15.
Cited in KellerEvelyn Fox, Reflections on gender and science (New Haven, 1985), 52–53.
16.
ibid., 52.
17.
ibid., 21–32.
18.
HobbesThomas, Leviathan, ed. by MacPhersonC. B. (Baltimore, 1968), 110–11.
19.
LockeJohn, An essay concerning human understanding (New York, 1959, from 1690 original), Book 4, chap. 1; ii, 167.
20.
ibid., chap. 2; ii, 177.
21.
ibid., chap. 2; ii, 178.
22.
ibid., chap. 2; ii, 183.
23.
ReidThomas, Essays on the intellectual powers of man (Cambridge, 1969, from 1813 original) and Essays on the active powers of the human mind (Cambridge, 1969, from 1814 original).
24.
CondillacEtienne, La logique (New York, 1980, from 1780 original), 79–81.
25.
ibid., 81–83.
26.
HartleyDavid, Observations on man, his frame, his duty, and his expectations (London, 1749), i, 30–31.
27.
ibid., 83.
28.
MacaulayCatherine, Letters on education: With observations on religious and metaphysical subjects (New York, 1974, from 1790 edn), 149.
29.
ibid., 47.
30.
Wollstonecraft, Vindication, 61.
31.
ibid., 60–61.
32.
Hartley, Observations on Man, i, 354.
33.
Macaulay, Letters on education, 10–11.
34.
Cited in editor's introduction to Montesquieu, The spirit of the laws (New York, 1949, from 1749 original), p. xxvii.
35.
Montesquieu, The spirit of the laws, 2.
36.
HelvétiusClaude Adrienne, Treatise on man (New York, 1969, from 1774 original), ii, 279. Emphasis mine.
37.
Cited in BakerKeith, Condorcet (Chicago, 1975), 222.
38.
Cited ibid., 223. Emphasis mine.
39.
Cited ibid., 223. Emphasis mine.
40.
HelvétiusClaude Adrienne, De l'esprit (London, 1807), 124.
41.
Cited in SpenderDale, Women of ideas (London, 1982), 124.
42.
Cited ibid.
43.
Macaulay, Letters on education, 201–4. Emphasis mine.
44.
Wollstonecraft, Vindication, 12.
45.
ibid., 36.
46.
ibid., 36.
47.
ibid., 44.
48.
Macaulay, Letters on education, 202.
49.
Wollstonecraft, Vindication, 12.
50.
HobbesThomas, The English works of Thomas Hobbes, ed. by MolesworthWilliamSir (London, 1839), i, 407.
51.
ibid., 391.
52.
HobbesThomas, The elements of law, chap. 7, cited in PetersRichard (ed.), Body man and citizen (New York, 1962), 9–10.
53.
Hobbes, Leviathan (ref. 18), 119.
54.
ibid., 130.
55.
ibid., 161.
56.
Cited in ThorpeClarence, The aesthetic theory of Thomas Hobbes (New York, 1964), 140.
57.
Cited ibid., 243.
58.
DennisJohn, The usefulness of the stage, in AdamsHenry H. and HathawayBaxter (eds), Dramatic essays of the Neoclassical Age (New York, 1950), 203–4.
