DumanD., “The creation and diffusion of a professional ideology in nineteenth-century England”, Sociological review, n.s., xxvii (1979), 113–38.
2.
MendelsohnE., “The emergence of science as a profession in nineteenth-century Europe”, in HillK. (ed.), The management of scientists (Boston, 1964), 3–6. Mendelsohn defines the middle and lower classes as the clergy, professions, merchants, civil servants, farmers, artisans and labourers.
3.
ibid., 23–27.
4.
RussellC., Science and social change 1700–1900 (London, 1983), 226.
5.
RossS., “Scientist: The story of a word”, Annals of science, xviii (1962), 68–70.
6.
MacleodR., “Resources of science in Victorian England: The endowment of science movement, 1868–1900”, in MathiasP. (ed.), Science and society 1600–1900 (Cambridge, 1972), 111–66.
7.
Quoted in Mendelsohn, “The emergence of science” (ref. 2), 30.
8.
Ross, “Scientist” (ref. 5), 71–79.
9.
Royal (Devonshire) Commission on Scientific Instruction (P.P. 1872, XXV), Q.826.
10.
Quoted in Macleod, “Resources of science” (ref. 6), 130.
11.
For an introduction to the history of the nineteenth century censuses see the contributions to WrigleyE. A. (ed.), Nineteenth century society (Cambridge, 1972) and to LawtonR. E. (ed.), The census and social structure: An interpretative guide to the nineteenth century censuses for England and Wales (London, 1978).
12.
The census enumerators' books for the years 1841–81 are held at the Public Record Office (pro) in the record classes HO 107, RG 9, RG 10, and RG 11. For the number of people in various occupations in England and Wales, 1841–1901, see 1841 abstract to the answers and returns (P.P. 1844, XXVII), 31–44; 1851 census report (P.P. 1852–53, LXXXVIII), Pt I, pp. ccxxii–ccxxvii; 1861 census report (P.P. 1863, LIII), Pt I, pp. xlii–lxv; 1871 census report (P.P. 1873, LXXI), Pt II, Appendix, 92–110; 1881 census report (P.P. 1883, LXXX), Summary tables, x–xvii; 1891 census report (P.P. 1893–94, CVI), pp. x–xxv; 1901 census report (P.P. 1903, LXXXIV), 186–201.
13.
The author wishes to thank ForganSophieDr for supplying him with the addresses of the scientists studied in this paper. All the scientists mentioned here were living in London.
14.
pro, HO 107/1468, f. 317.
15.
pro, HO 107/1502, f. 439.
16.
pro, RG 10/1305, f. 48.
17.
pro, HO 107/680, f. 11; pro, HO 107/1488, f. 473; pro, RG 9/74, f. 15; pro, RG 10/160, f. 58.
18.
pro, RG 9/94, f. 104; pro, RG 10/200, f. 7; pro, RG 11/30, f. 94.
19.
His father had been a tailor.
20.
Copies of the nineteenth century household schedules can be found in the pro class RG 27, “Census returns: Specimens of forms and documents”, 1841 to 1931, specifically in pro, RG 27/1, 57–59; pro, HO 107/1587, f. 472; pro, RG 27/3, Item 2; pro, RG 27/4, Item 5; pro, RG 27/5, Item 5; pro, RG 27/6, Item 68.
21.
1871 census report (P.P. 1873, LXXI), Pt II, 92–110; 1901 census report (P.P. 1904, CVIII), 257.
22.
1881 census report (P.P. 1883, LXXX), 49–50.
23.
pro, RG 27/6, Item 68.
24.
1861 Instruction to the clerks. Copy in author's possession.
25.
1851 census report (P.P. 1852–53, LXXXVIII), Pt I, p. lxxxiii.
26.
1861 census report (P.P. 1863, LIII), Pt I, Appendix, 228.
27.
pro, RG 27/4, Item 85, 120.
28.
pro, RG 27/4, Item 85, 83.
29.
LandesD. S., The unbound Prometheus: Technological change 1750 to the present (Cambridge, 1969), 345.
30.
ibid., 346; MathiasP., “Who unbound Prometheus? Science and technological change, 1600–1800”, in MathiasP. (ed.), Science and society 1600–1900 (Cambridge, 1972), 78.
31.
MathiasP., The first industrial nation (1969), 404–26.
32.
pro, RG 27/4, Item 85, 21.
33.
pro, RG 27/5, Item 69, 28.
34.
pro, RG 27/5, Item 69, 28.
35.
pro, RG 27/4, Item 85, 21; pro, RG 27/5, Item 69, 27; 1861 Instructions to the clerks …, 34, 43 (in possession of author).
36.
pro, HO 107/1605, f. 464.
37.
pro, RG 10/25, f. 84.
38.
1861 census report (P.P. 1863, LIII), Pt I, pp. xlii–lxv.
39.
pro, RG 9/44, f. 38.
40.
1851 census report (P.P. 1852–53, LXXXVIII), Pt I, p. lxxxvii.
41.
1851 census report (P.P. 1852–53, LXXXVIII), Pt I, p. cxxix.
