Images of John Hunter in the Nineteenth Century

Guerlac H. , “Where the statue stood”, in Wasserman E. R. (ed.), Aspects of the eighteenth century (Baltimore/Oxford, 1965), 317–34.

Outram D. , “Scientific biography and the case of Georges Cuvier: With a critical bibliography”, History of science, xiv (1976), 101–37, pp. 101–3. Cuvier could hardly complain at such treatment as he had similarly manipulated the memory of others: See Outram D. , “The language of natural power: The ‘Eloges’ of Georges Cuvier and the public language of nineteenth century science”, History of science, xvi (1978), 153–78.

Paul C. B. , Science and immortality: The Eloges of the Paris Academy of Sciences (1699–1791) (Berkeley/London, 1980).

Kobler J. , The reluctant surgeon: The life of John Hunter (London, 1960), 9.

Gross S. D. , John Hunter and his pupils (Philadelphia, 1881), 9–10.

Kelly M. , “Swediaur: The vicious anti-Hunterian rheumatovenerologist”, Medical history, xi (1967), 170–4, p. 172.

Gloyne S. R. , John Hunter (Edinburgh, 1950), v.

Oppenheimer J. M. , New aspects of John and William Hunter (London, 1946), vii.

Mather G. E. R. , Two great Scotsmen: The brothers William and John Hunter (Glasgow, 1893), 183, 187.

Paget J. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1877), 27–29.

Arnott J. M. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1843), 27.

Ottley D. , “The life of John Hunter”, in Palmer J. F. (ed.), The works of John Hunter (5 vols, London, 1838), i, 1–188, pp. 30–31.

Abernethy J. , Physiological lectures, exhibiting a general view of Mr Hunter's physiology, and of his researches in comparative anatomy (London, 1817), 342–6.

Home E. , “A short account of the life of the author”, in Hunter J. , A treatise on the blood, inflammation, and gun-shot wounds (London, 1794), xiii–lxvii, p. xxxviii.

Abernethy , op. cit. (ref. 13), 342–6.

Knox R. , Great artists and great anatomists: A biographical and philosophical study (London, 1852), 21.

Ottley , op. cit. (ref. 12), 31; see also 136.

Lawrence W. , Lectures on physiology, zoology, and the natural history of man (London, 1822), 50–54.

Dobson J. , “The place of John Hunter's Museum”, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons, xxxiii (1963), 32–40, p. 40.

Ritterbush P. C. , Overtures to biology: The speculations of eighteenth-century naturalists (New Haven/London, 1964), 186.

Foot J. , The life of John Hunter (London, 1794), 4, 9–10.

ibid., 36–38, 83–86, 248, 258, 265–6.

Home E. , The Hunterian oration in honour of surgery, and in memory of those practitioners by whose labours it has been advanced (London, 1814), 1.

Blizard W. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1815), 67–68.

Abernethy J. , The Hunterian oration, for the year 1819 (London, 1819), 35–36, 39–42, 60.

Lawrence W. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1834), 1.

Blizard W. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1823), 8–9, 13–14.

Chevalier T. , The Hunterian oration delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons (London, 1823), 34.

Carlisle A. , The Hunterian oration delivered before the Royal College of Surgeons (London, 1820), 3, 17–19.

Norris W. , The Hunterian oration (London, 1817), 51.

Chevalier , op. cit. (ref. 28), 31–32.

Home , op. cit. (ref. 23), 9–10.

ibid., 11–15, 35–36.

Norris , op. cit. (ref. 30), 39, 46.

Chevalier , op. cit. (ref. 28), 14–15.

Perkin H. , The origins of modern English society (London, 1971), 24.

Oppenheimer , op. cit. (ref. 8), 115.

Abernethy , op. cit. (ref. 25), 1–2.

See Gelfand T. , “From guild to profession: The surgeons of France in the eighteenth century”, Texas reports of biology and medicine, xxxii (1974), 121–34.

Lawrence , op. cit. (ref. 26), 3.

Carlisle , op. cit. (ref. 29), 52–53, 56–57.

Chevalier T. , Observations of a Bill lately brought into Parliament, for erecting the Corporation of Surgeons of London into a College (London, 1797), 60.

ibid., 63.

ibid., 8, 58.

ibid., 62–63.

Peachey G. C. , A memoir of William and John Hunter (Plymouth, 1924), 92.

Dobson J. , John Hunter (Edinburgh/London, 1969), 182–6.

Home , op. cit. (ref. 14), xxxv.

Dobson J. , Conservators of the Hunterian Museum (London, 1975), 13–14.

Blizard , op. cit. (ref. 27), 8.

ibid., 16–17.

Knox , op. cit. (ref. 16), 20–21.

ibid., 39.

ibid., 205.

Paget , op. cit. (ref. 10), 27–28, 34–35.

ibid., 35–36.

Goodfield G. J. , The growth of scientific physiology: Physiological method and the mechanist-vitalist controversy, illustrated by the problems of respiration and animal heat (London, 1960), 108.

Blizard , op. cit. (ref. 24), 71–72, 81.

Abernethy J. , An enquiry into the probability and rationality of Mr Hunter's theory of life (London, 1814), 7, 13.

ibid., 39, 48.

On the Lawrence-Abernethy controversy see Temkin O. , “Basic science, medicine, and the Romantic era”, in idem, The double face of Janus and other essays in the history of medicine (Baltimore, 1977), 345–72; Goodfield-Toulmin J. , “Some aspects of English physiology: 1780–1840”, Journal of the history of biology, ii (1969), 283–320.

Abernethy , op. cit. (ref. 59), 52–53.

ibid., 94–95.

See Palmer , op. cit. (ref. 12), i, 221–32; iii, 103–6.

Cline H. , Anatomical lectures (1793), Wellcome MSS, 1678–80, 4–5.

See especially Home E. , Lectures on comparative anatomy, in which are explained the preparations in the Hunterian Collection (6 vols, London, 1814–28), iii, 20–29.

For one instance of this conflict between different views of medical authority see Warner J. H. “Therapeutic explanation and the Edinburgh blood-letting controversy: Two perspectives on the medical meaning of science in the mid-nineteenth century”, Medical history, xxiv (1980), 241–58.

Mather , op. cit. (ref. 9), 191. For a modern assessment of Hunter's operation see Wells L. A. , “Aneurysm and physiological surgery”, Bulletin of the history of medicine, xliv (1970), 411–24.

Moynihan B. G. A. , “Hunter's ideals and Lister's practice”, in idem, Selected writings of Lord Moynihan (London, 1967), 12–37, pp. 21, 29.

ibid., 30.

Ibid.

See Waddington I. , “General practitioners and consultants in early nineteenth century England: The sociology of an intraprofessional conflict”, in Woodward J. and Richards D. (eds), Health care and popular medicine in nineteenth century England (London, 1977), 164–85.

I hope to discuss this use of ‘scientific medicine’ in a future paper.

Hall M. B. , “Newton and his theory of matter in the eighteenth century”, Vistas in astronomy, xxii (1978), 453–9.

I am not the first to make a comparison between Hunter and Jesus: Others have previously remarked that both began their working lives in carpenters' shops.

For an attempt to achieve this, see: Cross Stephen J. , “John Hunter, the animal oeconomy, and late eighteenth-century physiological discourse”, Studies in the history of biology, v (1981), 1–110. This article appeared while the present paper was in press.