Three examples, each suggesting different forms of social analysis, will suffice: DavieG. E., The social significance of the Scottish philosophy of common sense (Dundee, 1973); PhillipsonN., “Culture and society in the 18th century province: The case of Edinburgh and the Scottish Enlightenment”, in StoneL. (ed.), The university in society: Studies in the history of higher education (2 vols, Princeton, 1974), ii, 407–48; YoltonJ. W., John Locke and the way of ideas (London, 1956).
2.
SchofieldR. E., Mechanism and materialism: British natural philosophy in an age of reason (Princeton, 1970).
3.
BosH. J. M., “Differentials, higher-order differentials and the derivative in the Leibnizian calculus”, Archive for history of exact sciences, xiv (1974), 1–90.
4.
KuhnT. S., The structure of scientific revolutions (Chicago, 1962).
5.
HeilbronJ. L., Electricity in the 17th and 18th centuries: A study of early modern physics (Berkeley, 1979).
6.
d'AlembertJ. L., Preliminary discourse to the encyclopedia of Diderot, trans. SchwabR. N. and RexW. E. (Indianapolis, 1963), 141–57.
7.
FergusonA., Institutes of moral philosophy. For the use of students in the College of Edinburgh (Mentz, 1815). The first edition of this work appeared in Edinburgh in 1769.
8.
SchofieldR. E.“Histories of scientific societies; Needs and opportunities for research”, History of science, ii (1963), 70–84. A short list of recent studies would include the following; BermanM., “The early years of the Royal Institution 1799–1810: A re-evaluation.”Science studies, ii (1972), 205–40; CantorG. N., “The Academy of Physics at Edinburgh 1797–1800”, Social studies of science, v (1975). 109–34; ChristieJ. R. R., “The origins and development of the Scottish scientific community, 1680–1760”, History of science, xii (1974), 122–41; EmersonR. L., “The Philosophical Society of Edinburgh, 1737–1747”, The British journal for the history of science, xii (1979), 154–91; HahnR., The anatomy of a scientific institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences 1666–1803 (Berkeley, 1971): McEvoyD. D., “Literary clubs and societies of eighteenth-century Edinburgh” (unpublished doctoral dissertation, Edinburgh University, 1952); RocheD., “Milieux academiques provinciaux et société des lumières: Trois académies provinciales au 18e siècle: Bordeaux, Dijon, Châlons sur Marne”, in Livre et société dans la France du XVIIIe siècle (Paris and La Haye, 1965), 93–184: ShapinS., “Property, patronage, and the politics of science: The founding of the Royal Society of Edinburgh”, The British journal for the history of science, xii (1974), 1–41: ThackrayA., “Natural knowledge and cultural context: The Manchester model”, American historical review, lxxix (1974), 672–709.
9.
KuhnT. S., “Mathematical versus experimental traditions in the development of physical science”, in Kuhn, The essential tension: Selected studies in scientific tradition and change (Chicago, 1977), 31–65, esp. pp. 32–34. See also HomeR. W., “Out of the Newtonian straightjacket: Alternative approaches to eighteenth-century physical science.”Studies in the eighteenth century, iv (1979), 235–49.
10.
KuhnT. S., The structure of scientific revolutions (2nAe&., Chicago, 1970), 176.
11.
JacobM. C., The Newtonians and the English revolution 1689–1720 (Hassocks, 1976): WildeC. B., “Hutchinsonianism. natural philosophy and religious controversy in eighteenth century Britain”, History of science, xviii (1980), 1–24.
12.
Works cited above and HeimannP. M., “‘Nature is a perpetual worker’: Newton's aether and eighteenth-century natural philosophy”, Ambix, xx (1973), 1–25; idem, “Voluntarism and immanence: Conceptions of nature in eighteenth-century thought”. Journal of the history of ideas, xxxix (1978), 271–83; HeimannP. M. and McGuireJ. E., “Newtonian forces and Lockcan powers: Concepts of matter in eighteenth-century thought.”Historical studies in the physical sciences, iii (1971). 233–306.
13.
For a recent interpretation see LindgrenJ. R.The social philosophy of Adam Smith (The Hague, 1973), 82–83.
