A Bibliographical Guide to the History of General Ecology and Population Ecology

Dodds Gordon B. , “The historiography of American conservation, past and prospects”, Pacific Northwest quarterly, lvi (1965), 75–81. Lacey Michael J. , “Man, nature, and the ecological perspective”, American studies, viii (1970), 13–27. Fleming Donald , “Roots of the new conservation movement”, Perspectives in American history, vi (1972), 7–91. Fahl Ronald J. , North American forest and conservation history, a bibliography (Santa Barbara, 1976). Environmental review is edited by Opie John , College Hall, Duquesne University, Pittsburgh, Pa, 15219, USA.

Haeckel , “Ueber Entwickelungsgang und Aufgabe der Zoologie”, Jenaische Zeitschrift für Naturwissenschaft, v (1869, pub. 1870), 353–70; reprinted in Haeckel's Gesammelte populäre Vorträge aus dem Gebiete der Entwickelungslehre (Strauss, Bonn, 1879), ii, 17. English translation quoted from Allee W. C. Emerson Alfred E. Park Orlando Park Thomas , and Schmidt Karl P. , Principles of animal ecology (Philadelphia and London, 1949), p. [v].

Glacken Clarence J. , Traces on the Rhodian shore: Nature and culture in Western thought from ancient times to the end of the eighteenth century (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1967).

Institute for the History of Science and Technology, Academy of Sciences of the USSR (Moscow, 1970). The papers are as follows: Uschmann Georg , “E. Haeckel's definition of the ecology concept” (pp. 10–21), Novikov G. A. , “Hundred years of Ernst Haeckel's ecology” (pp. 22–76), Dementiev G. P. , “Russian founders of ecology” (pp. 77–88), Schwartz S. S. , “On the history of the main ideas in the modern ecology” (pp. 89–105), Naumov N. P. , “Advances of the population concepts in animal ecology” (pp. 106–46), Rafes P. M. , “Development of biogeocoenose theory” (pp. 147–94), Voronov A. G. , “Development of phytocoenosis theory” (pp. 195–222), Tchesnova L. V. , “Development of the biocoenosis doctrine and its practical applications in the works of Soviet parasitologists” (pp. 223–52), Gutina V. N. , “L. Pasteur and origin of ecological microbiology” (pp. 253–67), and Hecker R. Th. , “History and contents of paleoecology” (pp. 268–84). I thank Vassily Babkoff for providing me with a copy of this book.

Op. cit. (ref. 2), chs 2–3. See also Hardy Alister , “Charles Elton's influence in ecology”, Journal of animal ecology, xxxvii (1968), 3–8.

Browne Charles A. , A source book of agricultural chemistry (Waltham, Mass., 1944; New York, 1977). Cowles H. C. , “The work of the year 1903 in ecology”, Science, xix (1904), 879–85. Ganong W. F. , “The cardinal principles of ecology”, Science, xix (1904), 493–8. Reed Howard S. , “A brief history of ecological work in botany”, Plant world, viii (1905), 163–70, 198–208. Gleason Henry A. , “Twenty-five years of ecology”, Brooklyn Botanical Garden memoirs, iv (1936), 41–49. McIntosh Robert P. , “Plant ecology, 1947–1972”, Missouri Botanical Garden annals, lxi (1974), 132–65.

Trass Hans H. , Geobotanika. Istoriia i Sovremennye Tendentsii Razvitiia (Leningrad, 1976). I thank Robert L. Burgess for bringing this book to my attention. Clements Frederic E. , Plant succession: An analysis of the development of vegetation (Washington, 1916), chs ii and vii. Du Rietz Gustaf E. , Zur methodologischen Grundlage der modernen Pflanzensoziologie (Vienna, 1921; New York, 1977). Whittaker Robert H. , “Classification of natural communities”, Botanical review, xxviii (1962), 1–239; reprinted New York, 1977.

Egerton , “Ecological studies and observations in America before 1900”, in Issues and ideas in America , ed. Taylor Benjamin J. and White Thurman J. (Norman, Oklahoma, 1976), 311–51. McIntosh Robert P. , “Ecology since 1900”, ibid., 353–72.

Tansley Arthur G. , “The early history of modern plant ecology in Britain”, Journal of ecology, xxxv (1947), 130–7. Pearsall W. H. , “The development of ecology in Britain,” ibid., lii (suppl.) (1964), 1–12. Salisbury E. J. , “The origin and early years of the British Ecological Society”, ibid., 13–18. Lowe P. D. , “Amateurs and professionals: The institutional emergence of British plant ecology”, Journal of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History, vii (1976), 517–35.

Sellery G. C. , E. A. Birge, a memoir (Madison, 1956), including Mortimer C. H. , “E. A. Birge, an explorer of lakes”, pp. 163–211.

Clements Edith Gertrude Schwartz , Adventures in ecology: Half a million miles … from mud to macadam (New York, 1960). The life and work of John W. Harshberger, Ph.D., an autobiography (Philadelphia, 1928). Howard Leland O. , Fighting the insects, the story of an entomologist, telling of the life and experiences of the writer (New York, 1933). Pearse A. S. , Adventure … trying to be a zoologist (Durham, 1952). Bodenheimer Frederick S. , A biologist in Israel: A book of reminiscences (Jerusalem, 1959).

Stearn William T. , “An introduction to the Species plantarum and cognate botanical works of Carl Linnaeus”, in Linnaeus , Species plantarum, a facsimile of the first edition, 1753 (2 vols, London, 1957), i, 51–64.

Linnaeus Carl , Miscellaneous tracts relating to natural history, husbandry, and physick, to which is added the calendar of flora , transl. Stillingfleet Benjamin (London, 1759; 2nd ed., 1762; 3rd ed., 1775; New York, 1977). Linnaeus , Select dissertations from the Amoenitates Academicae , transl. Brand F. J. (London, 1781; New York, 1977). Linnaeus , L'Equilibre de la nature: Oratio de telluris habitabilis incremento (1744), Oeconomia naturae (1749), Politia naturae (1760), Curiositas naturalis (1748), Cui bono (1752), transl. Jasmin Bernard , introduction and notes by Camille Limoges (Paris, 1972). Limoges has also discussed the use of political analogy in the development of Linnaeus's ideas on the economy of nature: “Economie de la nature et idéologie juridique chez Linné”, XIIIth International Congress of the History of Science proceedings (Moscow, 1974), section ix, 25–30.

Soulsby Basil H. , A catalogue of the works of Linnaeus (and publications more immediately relating thereto) preserved in the libraries of the British Museum (Bloomsbury) and the British Museum (Natural History) (South Kensington) (2nd ed., London, 1933; index by C. Davies Sherborn, 1936). For a guide to literature on Linnaeus, see the account of him by Sten Lindroth in Dictionary of scientific biography, viii (1973), 374–81. Important, but unlisted by Lindroth, is Du Rietz G. Einar , “Linné som Myrforskare (Linné as Paludologist)”, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift, v (1957), 1–80 (English summary, 60–80) and Rietz Du , “Linnaeus as a Phytogeographer”, Vegetatio, vii (1957), 161–8.

For further discussion and references, see Egerton (ref. 8).

Humboldt is discussed below in the section on population. Marsh George Perkins , Man and nature; or, Physical geography as modified by human action (1864; cited from new ed., Cambridge, Mass., 1965), 53.

Philosophy of science rather than ecology is the main focus in Wohl Robert , “Buffon and his project for a new science”, Isis, li (1960), 186–99. Concerning Buffon's bibliography, see Jacques Roger on Buffon in Dictionary of scientific biography, ii (1970), 576–82.

Franck Bourdier on Saint-Hilaire Isidore Geoffroy , Dictionary of scientific biography, v (1972), 358–60; quotation on 358.

Adams Charles C. , Guide to the study of animal ecology (New York, 1913; New York, 1977), 19. Wheeler William , “‘Natural history’, ‘œcology’ or ‘Ethology’?”, Science, xv (1902), 971–6. Dahl F. , “Die Ziele der vergleichenden ‘Ethologie’ (d.i. Biologie im älteren engeren Sinne)”, Verhandlungen des V. Internationalen Zoologen-Congresses zu Berlin, 1901 (Jena, 1902), 296–300. van der Klaauw C. J. , “Okologische Studien und Kritiken: Ii. Zur Geschichte der Definitionen der Okologie, besonders auf Grund der Systeme der zoologischen Disziplinen”, Sudhoffs Archiv für Geschichte der Medizin und der Naturwissenschaften, xxix (1936), 136–77; see 139–40, 155–6.

Espinas Alfred V. , Des sociétés animales: étude de psychologie comparée (Paris, 1877; New York, 1977). See also van der Hoeven J. and Bronn H. G. , who are discussed by van der Klaauw (ref. 19), 137–9.

Egerton , “Humboldt, Darwin, and population”, Journal of the history of biology, iii (1970), 325–60. Stauffer Robert C. , “Ecology in the long manuscript version of Darwin's Origin of species and Linnaeus' Oeconomy of Nature”, American Philosophical Society proceedings, civ (1960), 235–41. Vorzimmer Peter , “Darwin's ecology and its influence upon his theory”, Isis, lvi (1965), 148–55. Clements Frederic E. , “Darwin's influence upon plant geography and ecology”, American naturalist, xliii (1909), 143–51.

Haeckel Ernst , Generelle Morphologie der Organismen. Allgemeine Grundzüge der organischen Formen-Wissenschaft, mechanisch begründet durch die von Charles Darwin reformirte Descendenz-Theorie (2 vols, Berlin, 1866), ii, 286–7. English quotation from Stauffer Robert C. , “Haeckel, Darwin, and Ecology”, Quarterly review of biology, xxxii (1957), 138–44; see p. 140.

Egerton , “Changing concepts of the balance of nature”, Quarterly review of biology, xlviii (1973), 322–50; see 341–2.

Van der Klaauw (ref. 19), Uschmann (ref. 4), and on Haeckel in Dictionary of scientific biography, vi (1972), 6–11.

Stauffer (ref. 22), 141–3. Lussenhop John , “Victor Hensen and the development of sampling methods in ecology”, Journal of the history of biology, vii (1974), 319–37; see 328–30. Also useful for this debate is Johnstone James , Conditions of life in the sea: a short account of quantitative marine biological research (Cambridge, 1908; New York, 1977). Concerning another of Haeckel's oceanographic controversies, see Rehbock Philip F. , “Huxley, Haeckel, and the oceanographers: The case of Bathybius haeckelii”, Isis, lxvi (1975), 504–33.

Haeckel Ernst , “Report on the Radiolaria collected by H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876”, xviii (in 2 vols) of Report on the scientific results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the Years 1873–76 …, ed. Murray John (London, Edinburgh, Dublin, 1887). Haeckel's criticism of Hensen (which have been discussed by Stauffer and Lussenhop, ref. 25) is in his Plankton-Studien. Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Bedeutung und Zussammensetzung der pelagischen Fauna und Flora (Jena, 1890), transl. Field George Wilton , “Planktonic studies: A comparative investigation of the importance and constitution of the pelagic fauna and flora”, Report of the U.S. Commission of Fish and Fisheries (1891), 565–641. Haeckel's conclusions from his “Report on the Radiolaria” and the English translation of his “Planktonic studies” are reproduced in Early marine ecology, ed. Egerton Frank N. (New York, 1977).

Gasman Daniel , The scientific origins of National Socialism: Social Darwinism in Ernst Haeckel and the German Monist League (New York and London, 1971). Reviewed by Culotta C. A. in Isis, lxiii (1972), 587–8.

The correspondence of Henry David Thoreau, ed. Harding Walter and Bode Carl (New York, 1958), 502. Oehser Paul H. , “The word ‘Ecology’”, Science, cxxix (1959), 992. Harding Walter , “Thoreau and ‘Ecology’: Correction”, Science, cxlix (1965), 707.

Burdon-Sanderson John S. , “Biology in relation to other natural sciences”, Smithsonian Institution annual report (1893), 435–63; see p. 439. Also in Nature, xlviii (1893), 464–72 and British Association for the Advancement of Science report (1893), 3–31. Pammel Louis Hermann , Flower ecology (Carroll, Iowa, 1893) and Ecology (Carroll, Iowa, 1903). I thank Robert P. McIntosh for calling these works by Pammel to my attention. Forbes Stephen A. , “On contagious disease in the Chinch-bug (Blissus leucopterus Say)”, Nineteenth report of the state entomologist on the noxious and beneficial insects of the State of Illinois (Springfield, 1895), 16–18.

Goodland R. J. , “The tropical origin of Ecology: Eugen Warming's jubilee”, Oikos, xxvi (1975), 240–5. I thank McIntosh Robert P. and Robert L. Burgess for bringing this article to my attention.

Tansley (ref. 9). Robert L. Burgess talked on the history of the Ecological Society of America at the December 1976 meeting of the History of Science Society, Philadelphia.

Konishi Masayasu and Itô Yosiaki , “Early entomology in East Asia”, History of entomology, ed. Smith Ray F. Mittler Thomas E. , and Smith Carroll N. (Palo Alto, California, 1973), 1–20; see p. 5. Meissner Bruno , Babylonien und Assyrien (2 vols, Heidelberg, 1920–25), i, 195–6; ii, 213, 237. I thank Otto Neugebauer for locating these references to Meissner.

Egerton Frank N. , “Ancient sources for animal demography”, Isis, lix (1968), 175–89. Egerton , “Aristotle's population biology”, Arethusa, viii (1975), 307–30.

Fibonacci Leonardo , Liber abbaci , sec. 3, in Scritti di Leonardo Pisano , ed. Boncompagni B. (2 vols, Rome, 1857–62), i, 283–4. English transl. in Struik D. J. , A source book in mathematics, 1200–1800 (Cambridge, Mass., 1969), 2–3 and in Bodenheimer Frederick S. , “An early study in population dynamics”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, xi (1958), 27–28. The problem is also discussed by Kurt Vogel in his account on Fibonacci in Dictionary of scientific biography, iv (1971), 604–13; see pp. 606–7.

Egerton Frank N. , Observations and studies of animal populations before 1860, a survey concluding with Darwin's Origin of species (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Wisconsin, 1967), ch. 2 on the mathematical aspects of this problem. For other aspects, see Egerton , “The longevity of the Patriarchs, a topic in the history of demography”, Journal of the history of ideas, xxvii (1966), 575–84.

Frank N. Egerton on Graunt in Dictionary of scientific biography, v (1972), 506–8.

Frank N. Egerton, “Leeuwenhoek as a founder of animal demography”, Journal of the history of biology, i (1968), 1–22. The authoritative edition of Leeuwenhoek's letters is that edited and annotated by a Committee of Dutch Scientists, Collected letters of Antoni van Leeuwenhoek, of which eight volumes have thus far been published (Amsterdam, 1939–68). However, vol. viii only extends to 1692, and at the present pace of publication, it will take another three decades to complete. Since the later letters are often more ecologically significant than the earlier ones, I have decided to reprint Samuel Hoole's translation of The select works of Antony van Leeuwenhoek (2 vols, London, 1798–1807; New York, 1977). This translation is the only English version of most of the later letters.

Egerton Frank N. , “Richard Bradley's understanding of biological productivity: A study of eighteenth-century ecological ideas”, Journal of the history of biology, ii (1969), 391–410; see pp. 394–401 on Dodart's computation and its influence.

Egerton , Observations (ref. 35), ch. 3, pp. 99–269 on John Ray, William Derham, Richard Bradley, René de Réaumur, Friedrich Lesser, Pierre Lyonet, Carl Linnaeus, Charles Bonnet, Charles de Geer, Comte de Buffon, John Bruckner, Joseph Townsend, William Smellie, Erasmus Darwin, and others.

Vartanian Aram , “Spontaneous generation”, Dictionary of the history of ideas, iii (1973), 307–12. Rostand Jean , La genèse de la vie: Histoire des idées sur la génération spontanée (Paris, 1943). von Lippmann Edmund Oskar , Urzeugung und Lebenskraft. Zur Geschichte dieser Probleme von den ältesten Zeiten an biz zu den Anfängen des 20. Jahrhunderts (Berlin, 1933). von Hofsten Nils , “Skapelsetro och Uralstringshypoteser före Darwin”, Uppsala Universitets Arsskrift (1928), 1–73 and English summary, “Ideas of creation and spontaneous generation prior to Darwin”, Isis, xxv (1936), 80–94. Lindroth Sten , “Uralstringen. Ett kapitet ur Biologiens äldre Historia”, Lychnos (1939), 159–92. Balme D. M. , “Development of biology in Aristotle and Theophrastus: Theory of spontaneous generation”, Phronesis, vii (1962), 91–104. Louis Pierre , “La génération spontanée chez Aristotle”, Colloques XIIe congrès international d'histoire des sciences (Paris, 1968), 291–305. Brien Paul , “La génération des êtres vivants dans la philosophie épicurienne”, ibid., 307–21. Castellani Carlo , “Le problème de la generatio spontanea dans l'oeuvre de Fortunio Liceti”, ibid., 323–40. Mendelsohn Everett I. , “Philosophical biology vs experimental biology: Spontaneous generation in the seventeenth century”, XIIe congrès international d'histoire des sciences (1968), Actes, IB (Paris, 1971), 201–26. Discussion of these four papers, ibid., 189–200, 227–9. Castellani Carlo , La storia della generazione. Idee e teorie dal diciasettesimo al diciottesimo secolo (Milan, 1965). Castellani , “L'Origine degli infusori nella polemica Needham-Spallanzani-Bonnet, con alcuni Documenti inediti”, Episteme, iii (1969), 214–41; iv (1970), 19–36. Farley John , “The spontaneous generation controversy (1700–1860): The origin of parasitic worms”, Journal of the history of biology, v. (1972), 95–125. Farley and Geison Gerald L. , “Science, politics and spontaneous generation in nineteenth-century France: The Pasteur-Pouchet debate”, Bulletin of the history of medicine, xlviii (1974), 161–98.

Greene John C. , The death of Adam: Evolution and its impact on Western thought (Ames, Iowa, 1959), see listings in index under “Species, extinction”. Eiseley Loren , The firmament of time (New York, 1960), 35–51. Egerton Frank N. , “Studies of animal populations from Lamarck to Darwin”, Journal of the history of biology, i (1968), 225–59; see pp. 227–30.

Egerton , “Ancient sources” (ref. 33), 175–9. Schwerdtfeger F. , “Forest entomology”, in History of entomology, ed. Smith Ray F. Mittler Thomas E. Smith Carroll N. (Palo Alto, Calif., 1973), 361–86.

Egerton (ref. 21).

Egerton (ref. 41), 231–40. Egerton , “The concept of competition in Nature before Darwin”, XIIe congrès international d'histoire des sciences (1968), Actes, viii (Paris, 1971), 41–46. Zirkle Conway , “Natural selection before the ‘Origin of species’”, American Philosophical Society proceedings, lxxxiv (1941), 71–123.

Many of Darwin's letters have been published; many others have not. Those published in special Darwin collections, as well as Darwin's other works, are listed by Freeman R. B. , The works of Charles Darwin, an annotated bibliographical handlist (London, 1965). Frederick Burckhardt is currently preparing a complete “Collected letters of Charles Darwin”, but this edition, unlike many of the others, will not include the letters written to Darwin. Greene John C. , “Reflections on the progress of Darwin studies”, Journal of the history of biology, viii (1975), 243–73. Gavin de Beer on Darwin in Dictionary of scientific biography, iii (1971), 565–77.

Egerton (ref. 21), 333. de Beer Gavin , ed., “Darwin's Notebooks on transmutation of species. Part vi. Pages excised by Darwin”, Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), historical series, iii (1967), 129–76; see p. 162 (Darwin's third notebook, 134–5).

The autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882, with original omissions restored, ed. Barlow Nora (New York, 1959), 120.

Bowler Peter J. , “Malthus, Darwin and the concept of struggle”, Journal of the history of ideas, xxxvii (1976), 631–50. Cowles Th. , “Malthus, Darwin, and Bagehot: A study in the transference of a concept”, Isis, xxvi (1936), 341–8. de Beer Gavin , “The origins of Darwin's ideas on evolution and natural selection”, Royal Society of London proceedings, b, clv (1961), 321–38; see pp. 328–31. Eiseley Loren , Darwin's century: Evolution and the men who discovered it (Garden City, 1958), 178–82. Gale Barry G. , “Darwin and the concept of a struggle for existence: A study in the extrascientific origins of scientific ideas”, Isis, lxiii (1972), 321–44; see pp. 335–42. Ghiselin Michael T. , The triumph of the Darwinian method (Berkeley, 1969), 48–49, 59–61, 256–58. Herbert Sandra , “Darwin, Malthus, and selection”, Journal of the history of biology, iv (1971), 209–17. Himmelfarb Gertrude , Darwin and the Darwinian revolution (London, 1959), 132–9. Schwartz Joel S. , “Charles Darwin's debt to Malthus and Edward Blyth”, Journal of the history of biology, vii (1974), 301–18. Vorzimmer Peter , “Darwin, Malthus, and the theory of natural selection”, Journal of the history of ideas, xxx (1969), 527–42. Young Robert M. , “Malthus and the evolutionists: The common context of biological and social theory”, Past & present, no. 43 (1969), 109–45.

Westergaard Harald , Contributions to the history of statistics (London, 1932; New York, 1968), 125–9. Drake Michael , “Malthus on Norway”, Population studies, xx (1966), 175–96. Glass David V. , ed., Introduction to Malthus (London and New York, 1953). Boner Harold A. , Hungry generations: The nineteenth-century case against Malthusianism (New York, 1955). Smith Kenneth , The Malthusian controversy (London, 1951).

Andrewartha H. G. and Birch L. C. , “The history of insect ecology”, in Smith Mittler , and Smith (ref. 32), 229–66; see p. 242.

Egerton Frank N. , “Charles Darwin's analysis of biological competition”, XIIIth international congress of the history of science (1971), Proceedings, ix (Moscow, 1974), 71–77.

Westergaard (ref. 49). Hauser Philip M. and Duncan Otis Dudley , eds, The study of population, an inventory and appraisal (Chicago, 1959), part ii.

Allee (ref. 2), 25–27.

Terentiev P. V. , “The sources of biometry” (Russian with English summary), Iz Istorii Biologii, iii (1971), 124–34. Some background though no direct assistance with this question, might be obtained from some of the papers from the Conference on the History of Quantification in the Sciences, Isis, lii, no. 168 (June, 1961), 133–354.

Olby Robert C. , Origins of Mendelism (New York, 1966), 109–14. Jindra Jirí , “A possible derivation of the Mendelian series”, Folia Mendeliana, no. vi (1971), 71–74.

Pearson Karl , The life, letters and labours of Francis Galton (3 vols in 4, Cambridge, 1914–30), i, 142 ff.; ii, 12. Cowan Ruth Schwartz , “Francis Galton's statistical ideas: The influence of eugenics”, Isis, lxiii (1972), 509–28; see p. 512 ff. de Marrais Robert , “The double-edged effect of Sir Francis Galton: A search for the motives in the biometrician-Mendelian debate”, Journal of the history of biology, vii (1974), 141–74.

Provine William B. , The origins of theoretical population genetics (Chicago, 1971), ch. 2. Churchill Eisenhart on Pearson in Dictionary of scientific biography, x (1974), 447–73. Ruth Schwartz Cowan on Weldon, ibid., xiv (1976), 251–2.

Nägeli Carl , “Verdrängung der Pflanzenformen durch ihre Mitbewerber”, Akademie der Wissenschaften, München, Mathematisch-Physikalischen Classe, Sitz. iv (1874), 109–64. The lack of influence of this paper was noted by Gause G. F. , The struggle for existence (Baltimore, 1934; New York, 1971), 6. For a two-paragraph summary in English of Nägeli's paper, see Clements Frederic E. Weaver John E. , and Hanson Herbert C. H. , Plant competition, an analysis of community functions (Washington, 1929), 8.

Hensen Victor , “Die thatigkeit des Regenworms (Lumbricus terrestris L.) für die Fruchtbarkeit der Erdbodens”, Zeitschrift für Wissenschaft: Zoologie, xxviii (1877), 354–64. This article is cited several times by Darwin Charles , The formation of vegetable mould through the action of worms, with observations on their habits (London, 1881; New York, 1899). Stauffer (ref. 22). Lussenhop (ref. 25).

Bellevoye Ad. and Laurent J. , “Les plantations de pins dans la Marne et les parasites qui les attaquent”, Société d'Etude des Sciences naturelles de Reims bulletin, v (1896), 70–126. Marchal Paul , “L'équilibre numérique des espèces et ses rélations avec les parasites chez les insectes”, Société Biologique [Paris] comptes rendus, xlix (1897), 129–30. Marchal , “The utilization of auxiliary entomophagous insects in the struggle against insects injurious to agriculture”, Popular science monthly, lxxii (1908), 352–419. Bellevoye and Laurent's paper and Marchal's 1908 paper are reprinted in Ecological studies on insect parasitism, ed. Egerton Frank N. (New York, 1977).

Ross Ronald , “An application of the theory of probabilities to the study of a priori pathometry”, Royal Society of London proceedings, a xcii (1916), 204–30; Pt 2, coauthored with Hudson Hilda P. , ibid., a xciii (1917), 212–40; bibliography, Pt i, 230. For Ross's more extensive bibliography, see his Memoirs, with a full account of the great malaria problem and its solution (New York, 1923), 526–36. On Lotka, see the account by Norman T. Gridgeman in Dictionary of scientific biography, viii (1973), 512. Lotka's bibliography is included in the reprint of his Elements of physical biology (Baltimore, 1924), retitled Elements of mathematical biology (New York, 1956), 442–7. Papers by Ross (1911) and Lotka (1912) are reprinted in Egerton (ref. 60). For a more recent discussion of the ecology of malaria epidemiology, see Bodenheimer Fredeick S. , Animal ecology to-day (The Hague, 1958), 92–98.

Scudo Francesco M. , “Vito Volterra and theoretical ecology”, Theoretical population biology, ii (1971), 1–23. I thank John Lussenhop for bringing this article to my attention. E. Volterra on Volterra Vito , Dictionary of scientific biography, xiv (1976), 85–88. Jennings H. S. , “Raymond Pearl, 1879–1940”, National Academy of Sciences biographical memoirs, xxii (1943), 295–347. Franklin Parker on Pearl, Dictionary of scientific biography, x (1974), 444–5. Allee Emerson Park Park , and Schmidt (ref. 2), ch. 20.

Streifer William , “Realistic models in population ecology”, Advances in ecological research, viii (1974), 199–266.

Allee Emerson Park Park , and Schmidt (ref. 2), 61. Bodenheimer (ref. 61), 67–82.

Gause (ref. 58). An indication of A. J. Nicholson's work, which also includes references to some of his earlier papers, is “The role of population dynamics in natural selection”, in The evolution of life, its origin, history, and future, ed. Tax Sol (3 vols, Chicago, 1960), i, 477–521. Nicholson has summarized his ecological goals and achievements in a personal communication to me.

Kuhn Thomas S. , The structure of scientific revolutions (Chicago, 1962; 2nd ed., 1970), ch. 2.

Andrewartha and Birch (ref. 50), 249.

Howard Leland O. and Fiske William F. , The importation into the United States of the parasites of the Gipsy Moth and the Brown-tail Moth … (Washington, 1911; New York, 1977). Thompson W. R. , “A contribution to the study of biological control and parasite introduction in continental areas”, Parasitology, xx (1928), 90–112; reprinted in Egerton (ref. 60). Chapman Royal N. , Animal ecology, with especial reference to insects (New York, 1931; reprinted 1977). Allee Emerson Park Park , and Schmidt (ref. 2), 331–3. Andrewartha and Birch , The distribution and abundance of animals (Chicago, 1954), 16–19.

Lack David , Population studies of birds (Oxford, 1966), 281–99. For density-dependent arguments on insects, see Solomon M. E. , “Analysis of processes involved in the natural control of insects”, Advances in ecological research, ii (1964), 1–58. See also Naumov's general survey (ref. 4).

Emlen J. Merritt , Ecology: An evolutionary approach (Reading, Mass., Don Mills, Ontario and London, 1973), 269. Horn Henry S. , “Regulation of animal numbers: A model counter-example”, Ecology, xlix (1968), 776–8; reprinted in McLaren , ed., Natural regulation of animal populations (New York, 1971), 51–57. In a personal communication, Robert P. McIntosh has expressed doubts about the validity of Horn's reasoning and the significance of his paper.

Williamson Mark , The analysis of biological populations (London, 1972), 29.

Andrewartha and Birch (ref. 50), 250–1. Den Boer P. J. , “Spreading of risk and stabilization of animal numbers”, Acta biotheoretica, xviii (1969), 165–94.

Bodenheimer (ref. 61), 86–92. Bodenheimer (ref. 11), 201–17. Uvarov Boris , Grasshoppers and locusts: A handbook of general Acridology (Cambridge, 1966). Roonwal M. L. , “Bibliographia Acrididiorum. A bibliography of the Orthopterous insects of the family Acrididae (comprising the short-horned grasshoppers and locusts) from the earliest times to the end of 1954 (with Some Additions for 1955–57)”, Records of the Indian Museum, lvi (1961), 1–613. Johnson C. G. , Migration and dispersal of insects by flight (London, 1969), ch. 22. Baron Stanley , The desert locust (New York, 1972).

Krebs Charles J. and Myers Judith H. , “Population cycles in small mammals”, Advances in ecological research, viii (1974), 267–399; see p. 389. Bodenheimer (ref. 61), 98–111. Bodenheimer (ref. 11), 217–46.

Egerton (refs 44 and 51).

Hardin Garrett , “The competitive exclusion principle”, Science, cxxxi (1960), 1292–7; see p. 1296.

Gall Y. M. , “Experimental study of the struggle for existence as a factor of evolution (Works of Soviet botanists of 1920's)”, Iz Istorii Biologii, v (1975), 26–46 (Russian with English summary). Gall, The struggle for existence as a factor of evolution (historico-critical analysis of the Soviet botanical researches) (Leningrad, 1976) (Russian with English summary).

Hardin (ref. 76), 1292, cites: [anon.], Journal of animal ecology, xiii (1944), 176.

Ayala Francisco J. , “Competition, coexistence, and evolution”, in Essays in evolution and genetics in honour of Theodosius Dobzhansky, ed. Hecht Max K. and Steere William C. (New York, 1970), 121–58. DeBach Paul , “The competitive displacement and coexistence principles”, Annual review of entomology, xi (1966), 183–212. McIntosh Robert P. , “Community, competition, and adaptation”, Quarterly review of biology, xlv (1970), 259–80. Miller Richard S. , “Pattern and process in competition”, Advances in ecological research, iv (1967), 1–74.

For the early history of the territory concept see Huxley Julian and Fisher James , “Foreword”, in Howard Henry Eliot , Territory in bird life (New York, 1964), 7–26. For more recent studies, see Stokes Allen W. , ed., Territory (Straudsburg, Penn., 1974). Ayala (ref. 79), 122–4. Whittaker Robert H. and Levin Simon A. , eds, Niche: Theory and application (Stroudsburg, Penn., 1976).

Egerton , “Changing concepts of the balance of nature”, Iz Istorii Biologii, vi (1977), in press (Russian with English summary).

Alexander of Aphrodisias, Problemata (Rome, 1475), bk 2, sec. 64, fol. 269v. Cited from Topsell Edward , The fowles of heaven, or history of birdes, ed. Harrison Thomas P. and Hoeniger F. David (Austin, 1972), 222 and n. 224 on p. 278. Topsell's reference came from Aldrovandi Ulysse , Ornithologia, hoc est de auibus historiae (3 vols, Bologna, 1599–1603), i, bk 12, ch. 2. I thank David Hoeniger for information on this citation.

Forbes Stephen A. , “On some interactions of organisms”, Illinois State Laboratory of Natural History bulletin, 1 (1880), 3–17; see p. 6. Forbes , “The food of birds”, ibid ., 80–148; see p. 85. Forbes , “The lake as a microcosm”, 1887; reprinted in ibid., xv (1925), 537–50. These papers are reprinted in Forbes , Ecological investigations (New York, 1977).

Clements Frederic E. and Shelford Victor E. , Bio-ecology (New York and London, 1939), 20–25. McIntosh Robert P. , “Natural order and communities”, Biologist, xlii (1960), 55–62; see p. 57.

Boer Den (ref. 72). Emlen (ref. 70), 360–2. Woodwell G. M. and Smith H. H. , eds, Diversity and stability in ecological systems (Brookhaven National Laboratory Symposium in Biology, xxii, 1969). R. T. Paine has reviewed this last work in Ecology, lii (1971), 376–7. Goodman Daniel , “The theory of diversity-stability relationships in ecology”, Quarterly review of biology, 1 (1975), 237–66.

Emlen (ref. 70), 38–42. Dunbar M. J. , “The ecosystem as unit of natural selection”, Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences transactions, xliv (1972), 113–30.

Trivers Robert L. , “The evolution of reciprocal altruism”, Quarterly review of biology, xlvi (1971), 35–57.

Ghiselin Michael T. , The economy of nature and the evolution of sex (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1974), 22ff.

Jansen A. J. , “An analysis of ‘Balance in nature’ as an ecological concept”, Acta biotheoretica, xxi (1972), 86–114. I thank James White for calling my attention to this article.