The History of Histology: A Brief Survey of Sources

Part I: Survey and Secondary Sources.

Ackernecht E. H. , Rudolf Virchow, doctor, statesman, anthropologist (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1953).

Apáthy S. , Die Mikrotechnik der thierischen Morphologie: Eine kritische Darstellung der mikroskopischen Untersuchungsmethoden (Pt i, Braunschweig: Bruhn, 1896; pt ii, Leipzig: Hirzel, 1901).

Baker J. R. , “The cell-theory: A restatement, history and critique”, Quarterly journal of microscopical science, pt 1, lxxxix (1948), 103–25; pt 2, xc (1950), 81–108; pt 3, xciii (1952), 157–90; pt 4, xciv (1953), 407–40; pt 5, xcvi (1955), 449–81.

Barrett C. R. B. , History of the Society of Apothecaries of London (London: Elliott Stock, 1905). See p. 243.

Bellot H. H. , University College, London 1826–1926 (London: University of London Press, 1929). See pp. 166–7.

Billroth T. , The medical sciences in the German universities. Translated from the German edition of 1876 (New York: Macmillan, 1924).

Bracegirdle B. , “The development of microtechnique with special reference to microtomy applied to histology in the nineteenth century” (Ph.D. thesis, University of London, 1975). A book based on this work is in press for publication in 1977 as A history of microtechnique: The evolution of the microtome and the development of tissue preparation (London: Heinemann).

Bracegirdle B. , “J. J. Lister and the establishment of histology”, Medical history, (in press, 1977).

Bulloch W. , The history of bacteriology (Oxford: University Press, 1938).

Clarke E. & O'Malley C. D. , The human brain and spinal cord (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1968).

Dobson J. , “John Hunter's microscope slides”, Annals of the Royal College of Surgeons of England, xxviii (1960), 175–88.

Du Moulin Eckart R. G. , Geschichte der deutschen Universitäten (Stuttgart: Enke, 1929). See pp. 351ff.

Farrar C. B. , “The growth of histologic technique during the nineteenth century”, Review of neurology and psychiatry, iii (1905), 501–15, 573–94.

Flexner A. , Medical education in the United States and Canada (New York: Carnegie Foundation, 1910).

Flexner A. , Medical education in Europe (New York: Carnegie Foundation, 1912).

Foster W. D. , A short history of clinical pathology (Edinburgh: Livingstone, 1961). See p. 31.

Gantt W. H. , History of Russian medicine (New York: Holber, 1937). See pp. 90ff.

Godlee R. J. , Lord Lister (Oxford: University Press, 1924). See p. 21.

Grainger T. H. , A guide to the history of bacteriology (New York: Ronald Press, 1958).

Hasama B. , “Geschichtliche Daten über die Ersteinführung des deutschen Medizinalwesens in Japan”, Sudhofs Archiv, xxvi (1933), 329–41.

Hughes A. , A history of cytology (London: Abelard-Schuman, 1959).

King L. S. , The growth of medical thought (Chicago: University Press, 1963).

Kruta V. (ed.), Jan Evangelista Purkyne, 1787–1869: Centenary symposium (Brno: Univ. J. A. Purkyne, 1971).

Long E. R. , A history of pathology (Baltimore: Williams & Wilkins, 1928).

Major R. H. , A history of medicine (Springfield: Thomas, 2 vols, 1954).

Mettler C. C. , History of medicine. A correlative text, arranged according to subjects (Philadelphia: Blakiston, 1947).

Morton L. T. , A medical bibliography (London: Deutsch, 3rd edition, 1970).

Needham J. , A history of embryology (Cambridge: University Press, 1934).

Newman C. , The evolution of medical education in the nineteenth century (Oxford: University Press, 1957).

O'Malley C. D. , The history of medical education (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1970).

Parsons F. G. , “Anatomy”, The Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th edition, 1910. See pp. 921–37 of vol. i.

Petri R. J. , Das Mikroskop. Von seinen Anfängen bis zur jetzigen Vervollkommung für all Freunde dieses Instruments (Berlin: Schoetz, 1896).

Pickstone J. V. , “Globules and coagula: Concepts of tissue formation in the early nineteenth century”, Journal of the history of medicine, xxiii (1973), 336–56.

Poynter F. N. L. (ed.), Medicine and science in the 1860s (London: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, 1968).

Rather L. J. , Addison and the white corpuscles (London: Wellcome Institute of the History of Medicine, 1972).

Royal Society of London, Catalogue of scientific papers (London: Royal Society, 19 vols, 1867–1925).

Rothschuh K. E. , Geschichte der physiologie (Leipzig: Springer, 1953).

Rothschuh K. E. , Physiologie. Wandel ihrer Konzepte, Probleme und Methoden vom 16.-20. Jahrhundert (Freiburg: Alber, 1968).

Shryock R. H. , The development of modern medicine. An interpretation of the social and scientific factors involved (New York: Knopf, 1936).

Shryock R. H. , The unique influence of the Johns Hopkins University on American medicine (Copenhagen: Munksgaard, 1953).

Singer C. & Underwood E. A. , A short history of medicine (Oxford: Clarendon Press, second edn, 1962).

Taylor S. T. , The diary of a medical student during the Victorian period 1860–1864 (Norwich: Jarrold, 1927).

Turner G. L'E. , “The history of optical instruments, a brief survey of sources and modern studies”, History of science, viii (1969), 53–93.

United States War Department, Index-catalogue of the library of the Surgeon-General's office (Washington: In five series, of which the first two cover the holdings of the library until after the end of the nineteenth century).

Wilks S. & Bettany G. T. , Biographical history of Guy's hospital (London: Ward, 1892). See p. 478.

Williams C. J. B. , Memoirs of life and work (London: Smith Elder, 1884). See p. 157.

Zanobio B. , “Micrographie illusoire et théories sur la structure de la matière vivante”, Clio medica, vi (1971), 25–40. Part II: Chronological List of Primary Sources.

Malpighi M. , De pulmonibus observationes anatomicae (Bononiae: Ferronius, 1661). An English translation is given by Young J. , Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, xxiii (1929), 1–11.

Hooke R. , Micrographia: Or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses (London: Martin, Allestry, 1665). See pp. 112–15, and plate xi.

Bichat M. F. X. , Anatomie générale, appliquée à la physiologie et à la médecine (Paris: Brossom & Gabon, 1801).

Meckel J. F. , Handbuch der menschlichen Anatomie (Halle and Berlin: Waisenhaus, 1815–20).

Mayer A. F. J. K. , Ueber Histologie und eine neue Eintheilung der Gewebe des menschlichen Körpers bei Gelegenheit der Eröffnung seiner Vorlesungen über Anatomie (Bonn: Marcus, 1819).

Bayle A. L. J. , Petit manuel d'anatomie descriptive, ou description succincte de tous les organes de l'homme (Gand: Vandekerckhove, 1824).

Bayle A. L. J. & Hollard H. , Manuel d'anatomie générale, ou description succincte des tissus primitifs et des systèmes qui composent les organes de l'homme (Paris: Gabon, 1827).

Raspail F. V. , “Premier mémoire sur la structure intime des tissus de nature animale”, Repertoire générale d'anatomie et de physiologie pathologiques, iv (1827), 148–61.

Hodgkin T. & Lister J. J. , “Notice of some microscopic observations of the blood and animal tissues”, Philosophical magazine, ii (1827), 130–8.

Müller J. , De glandarum secernentium structura penitori (Lipsiae: Vosii, 1830).

Donné A. , Recherches physiologiques et chimico microscopiques sur les globules du sang, du pus, du mucus, et sur ceux des humeurs de l'oeil (M.D. thesis, Paris, no. 8, v. 238, 1831).

Wendt A. , “Ueber die menschliche Epidermis”, Müller's Archiv (1834), 278–91.

Purkinje J. E. & Valentin G. G. , “Entdecklung continuirlicher durch Wimperhaare erzeugter Flimmer-bewegungen”, Müller's Archiv (1834), 391–400.

Wagner R. , “Ueber die Anwendung histologischer Charactere auf die zoologische Systematik”, Müller's Archiv (1835), 314–20.

Gurlt E. F. , “Vergleichende Untersuchungen über die Haut des Menschen und der Haus-Saugethiere, besonders in Beziehung auf die Absonderungsorgane des Haut-Talges und des Schweisses”, Müller's Archiv (1835), 399–418.

Pritchard A. , A list of two thousand microscopic objects (London: Whittaker, 1835).

Boyd S. , Inaugural essay on the structure of the mucous membrane of the stomach (Edinburgh: Stark, 1836).

Remak R. , “Vorlaufige Mittheilung microsopischer Beobachtungen über den innern Bau der Cerebrospinalnerven”, Müller's Archiv (1836), 145–61.

Purkinje J. E. , “Ueber Flimmerbewegungen im Gehirn”, Müller's Archiv (1836), 289–90.

Valentin G. G. , “Ueber die Verlauf und die letzen Enden der Nerven”, Nova Acta physico-medica Academiae Caes. Leopoldino-Carolinae Naturae Curiosorum, xviii (1836), 51–240, 541–3.

Henle F. G. J. , Symbolae ad anatomiam villorum intestinalium, imprimis eorum epithelii et vasorum lacteorum (Berolini: Hirschwald, 1837).

Berres C. J. , Anatomie der microskopischen Gebilde des menschlichen Korpers—Anatomia partium microscopicarum corporis humani . Pts i-xii (Wein: Gerold, 1837–42).

Mandl L. , Anatomie microscopique (Paris: Baillière; vol. i 1838; vol. ii, 1857).

Wagner R. , Icones physiologicae (Leipzig: Voss, 1839).

Rosenthal J. , De formatione granulosa in nervis aliisque partibus organismi animalis (Inaugural dissertation, Breslau, 1839).

Schwann T. , Mikroskopische Untersuchungen über die Uebereinstimmung in der Struktur und dem Wachstum der Thiere und Pflanzen (Berlin: Sander, 1839).

Gluge G. , Anatomisch-mikroskopische Untersuchungen zur allgemeinen und speziellen Pathologie , i (Leipzig: Essman, 1839); ii (Jena: Mauke, 1841).

Bowman W. , “On the minute structure and movements of voluntary muscles”, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, cxxx (1840), 457–501; cxxxi (1841), 69–72.

Pacini F. , Nuovo organi scopteri nel corpo humano (Pistoja: Cino, 1840).

[Editorial comment, unsigned], “Bibliographical notices”, Microscopical journal, i (1841), 171–3.

Bennett J. H. , The employment of the microscope in medical studies; a lecture introductory to a course of histology (Edinburgh: Maclachlan, 1841).

Henle F. G. J. , Allgemeine Anatomie (Leipzig: Voss, 1841).

Webber E. H. , “Ueber menschliches Blut”, Bericht über die Versammlung der Deutschen Naturforscher und Aertze (1841), 93–94.

Stilling B. , Untersuchungen über die Textur des Rückenmarks (Leipzig: Wigand, 1842).

Bowman W. , “On the structure and use of the malpighian bodies of the kidney”, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, cxxxii (1842), 57–80.

Paget J. , Report on the chief results obtained by the use of the microscope in the study of human anatomy and physiology (London: Churchill, 1842).

Gluge G. , Atlas der pathologischen Anatomie oder bildliche Darstellung und Erlauterung der Vorzug (Jena: Mauke, 1843–50).

Donné A. , Cours de microscopie complémentaire des études médicales (Paris: Baillière, 1844).

Donné A. & Foucault L. , Cours de microscopie complémentaire des études mèdicales: Atlas exécuté d'après nature au microscope-daguerréotype (Paris: Baillière, 1845).

Lebert H. , Physiologie pathologique, ou recherches cliniques, expérimentales et microscopiques sur l'inflammation, la tuberculisation, les tumeurs, la formation du cal, etc. (Paris: Baillière, 1845).

Vogel J. , Pathologische Anatomie des menschlichen Körpers (Leipzig: Voss, 1845).

Bennett J. H. , “Introductory address to a course of lectures on histology, and the use of the microscope”, Lancet (1845), 517–22.

Todd R. B. & Bowman W. , The physiological anatomy and physiology of man (London: Parker, vol. i, 1845; vol. ii, 1856).

Harting P. , Recherches micrométriques sur le développement des tissus et des organes du corps humain, precédées d'un examen critique des différentes méthodes micrométriques (Utrecht: Kemink, 1845).

Hassall A. H. , The microscopic anatomy of the human body, in health and disease (London: Highley, vol. i, 1846; vol. ii, 1849).

Virchow R. , “Zur Entwickelungsgeschichte des Krebses, nebst Bemerkungen über Fettbildung im thierischen Körper und pathologische Resorption”, Virchow's Archiv, i (1847), 94–201.

Bowman W. , Lectures on the parts concerned in the operations of the eye, and on the structure of the retina (London: Longman, 1849).

Gluge G. , Pathologische Histologie (Jena: Mauke, 1850).

Lyons R. D. , A retrospect of the progress of microscopic investigation, and of the more important recent contributions to normal and pathological histology (Dublin: Hodges & Smith, 1850).

Clarke J. A. L. , “Researches into the structure of the spinal cord”, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society, cxli (1851), 607–21.

Corti A. , “Recherches sur l'organe de l'ouie des mammiferes”, Zeitschrift wissenschaftliche Zoölogie, iii (1851), 109–69.

Lyons R. D. , An apology for the microscope: Being the introductory lecture to the first course on microscopic anatomy and physiology, delivered in the theatre of the original school of medicine, during the months of February, March and April, 1851 (Dublin: Fannin, 1851).

Wagner R. & Meissner G. , “Ueber das Vorhandensein bisher unbekannter eigenthümlicher Tastkorperchen (Corpuscula tactus) in den Gefühlswärzchen der menschlichen Haut, und über die End-Ausbreitung sensitiver Nerven”, Nachrichten Georg-Augusts Universität und Königl. Gesellschaft Wissenschaften Göttingen (1852), 17–32.

von Kölliker R. A. , Handbuch der Gewebelehre des Menschen (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1852).

Quekett J. , “On the value of the microscope in the determination of minute structures of a doubtful nature, as exemplified in the identification of human skin attached many centuries ago to the doors of churches”, Transactions of the Microscopical Society of London, ii (1848), 15–18.

Kölliker A. , Manual of human histology . translated by Busk G. and Huxley T. H. (London: Sydenham Society, 1853–4).

Gluge G. , Atlas of pathological histology . translated by Leidy J. (Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1853).

Lister J. , “Observations on the contractile tissue of the iris”, Quarterly journal of microscopical science, i (1853), 262–8.

Wedl C. , Grundzüge der pathologischen Anatomie (Wien: Gerold, 1854).

Beale L. S. , The microscope in its application to practical medicine (London: Churchill, 1854).

Förster A. , Atlas der mikroskopischen pathologischen Anatomie (Leipzig: Voss, 1854–59).

Förster A. , Handbuch der pathologischen Anatomie (Liepzig: Voss, 1854–55).

Virchow R. , “Cellular-Pathologie”, Virchow's Archiv, viii (1855), 3–39.

Peaslee E. R. , Human histology in its relations to descriptive anatomy, physiology, and pathology (Philadelphia: Blanchard & Lea, 1857).

Beale L. S. , How to work with the microscope (London: Churchill, 1857).

Michel M. , Du microscope et de ses applications à l'anatomie pathologique et au traitement des maladies (Paris: Baillière, 1857).

Virchow R. L. K. , Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre (Berlin: Hirschwald, 1855).

Schultze M. J. S. , “Ueber die Endigungsweise des Hornerven im Labyrinth”, Müller's Archiv (1858), 243–81.

Billroth C. A. T. , Beiträge zur pathologischen Histologie nach Beobachtungen aus der Königlichen chirurgischen Universitäts-Klinik zu Berlin (Berlin: Renner, 1858).

Beale L. , The microscope in its application to practical medicine (London: Churchill, 2nd edn, 1858).

Stilling B. , Neue Untersuchungen über den Bau des Rückenmarks (Cassel: Hotop, 1859).

Frey H. , Handbuch der Histologie und Histochemie des Menschen (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1859).

Kölliker A. , A manual of human microscopic anatomy (London: Parker, 1860).

Beale L. S. , “On the distribution of nerves to the elementary fibres of striped muscle”, Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society (1860), 611–18.

[Editorial note, unsigned], “Catalogue of transparent injected preparations sold by Smith and Beck, of London”, Quarterly journal of microscopical science, ix (1861), 129–31, and 217.

Beale L. S. , On the structure of the simple tissues of the human body. A course of lectures delivered at the Royal College of Physicians (London: Churchill, 1861).

Schultze M. J. S. , “Untersuchungen über den Bau der Nasenschleimhaut, namentlich die Structur und Endigungsweise der Geruchsnerven bei dem Menschen und den Wirbelthieren”, Abhandlungen der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft zu alle, vii (1862), 1–100.

[Anon.], A catalogue of microscopic preparations, by C. M. Topping, and the most esteemed makers (London: Baker, 1862).

Robin C. P. , Programme du cours d'histologie professé à la faculté de médecine de Paris, pendant les années 1862–3 et 1863–4 (Paris: Baillière, 1864).

Schultze M. J. S. , Zur Anatomie und Physiologie der Retina (Bonn: Cohen, 1866).

Rindfleisch G. E. , Lehrbuch der pathologischen Gewebelehere zur Einführung in das Studium der Pathologischen Anatomie (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1867–69).

Stricker S. , Handbuch der Lehre von den Geweben des Menschen und der Thiere (Leipzig: Engelmann, 1869–72).

Cornil A.-V. & Ranvier L. , Manuel d'histologie pathologique (Paris: Germer-Baillière, 1869–76).

Stricker S. , Manual of human and comparative histology . translated by Power H. (London: New Sydenham Society, 3 vols, 1870–73).

Ranvier L. , “Recherches sur l'histologie et la physiologie des nerfs”, Comptes rendus, lxxiii (1871), 1168–71.

Rutherford W. , “Notes of a course of practical histology for medical students”, Quarterly journal of microscopical science, n.s., xx (1872), 1–21.

[Anon.], Classified list of first class microscopic objects, with many unique, rare & interesting specimens (London: Norman, 1872).

Burdon-Sanderson J. (ed.), Handbook for the physiological laboratory (London: Churchill, 1873).

[Untitled editorial account], Quarterly journal of microscopical science, xxi (1873), 303–8.

Foster W. , Syllabus of the practical course of physiology and histology at the physiological laboratory in Cambridge (Cambridge: Macmillan, 1874).

[Anon.], A classified list of first-class microscopic objects (London: Wheeler, 7th edn, 1876).

Lewis B. , “A new process of preparing and staining fresh brain for microscopic examination”, Monthly microscopical journal, xvi (1876), 105–10.

Pelletan J. , Le microscope, son emploi et ses applications (Paris: Masson, 1876).

Ranvier L. , Leçons sur l'histologie de système nerveux (Paris: Savy, 1878).

Koch R. , “Untersuchungen über Bacterien. V. Die Aetiologie der Milzbrand-Krankheit, begründet auf die Entwicklungsgeschichte des Bacillus anthracis”, Beiträge zur Biologie der Pflanzen, ii (1877), 277–310. [The work was carried out in 1876.]

Klein E. E. & Smith E. N. , Atlas of histology (London: Smith Elder, 1879–80).

[Anonymous report], Journal of the Royal Microscopical Society, ii (1879), 943–4.

Haycraft J. B. , “Upon the cause of the striation of voluntary muscular tissue”, Proceedings of the Royal Society, xxxi (1881), 360–79.

[Anon.], Achromatic microscopes, accessories, and objects (London: Smith, Beck & Beck, 1882).

Flemming W. , Zellsubstanz, Kern und Zelltheilung (Leipzig: Vogel, 1882).

Koch R. , “Ueber die neuen Untersuchungsmethoden zum Nachweis der Mikrokosmen in Boden, Luft und Wasser”, Aerztliches Vereinsblatt f. Deutschland, no. 237 (1883).

Klein E. E. , Elements of histology (London: Cassell, 1883).

Cole A. C. , Studies in microscopical science (London: Baillière, vol. i, 1883; vol. ii, 1884; vol. iii, 1886; vol. iv, 1887).

Stowell C. H. , “Microscopy in the University of Michigan”, Microscope, iii (1883), 63–68.

Carnoy J. B. , La biologie cellulaire: étude comparée de la cellule dans les deux règnes (Lierre: Van In, 1884).

Schafer E. A. , The essentials of histology, descriptive and practical (London: Longmans Green, 1st ed., 1885; 2nd, 1887; 3rd, 1892; 4th, 1894; 5th, 1898; 6th, 1902; 7th, 1907; 8th, 1910; 9th, 1914; 10th, 1916; 11th, 1920; 12th, 1929; etc).

Crookshank E. M. , An introduction to practical bacteriology (London: Lewis, 1886).

Golgi C. , Sulla fina anatomia degli organi centrali del sistema nervoso (Milano: Hoepli, 1886).

Stöhr P. , Lehrbuch der Histologie und der mikroskopischen Anatomie des Menschen mit Einschluss der mikroskopischen Technik (Jena: Fischer, 1st ed., 1887; 2nd, 1888; 3rd, 1890; 4th, 1891; 5th, 1892; 6th, 1894; 7th, 1896; 8th, 1898; 9th, 1901; etc).

Boneval R. , Nouvelles notes d'histologie normale à l'usage des étudiants en médecine (Paris: Maloine, 1887).

Kölliker A. , “Zur feinen Anatomie des centralen Nervensystems”, Zeitschrift wissenschaftliche Zoölogie, xlix (1890), 663–89.

Ramon y Cajal S. , “Nuevo concepto de la histologia de los centros nerviosos”, Revue ciences médicales, xviii (1892), 457–576.

[Anon.], A list of microscopic objects of the highest class (London: Watson, 12th edn, 1894; 17th, 1905; etc).

Cole A. C. , The methods of microscopical research (London: Baillière, 1895).

Ramon y Cajal S. , Die Retina der Wirbelthiere (Wiesbaden: Bergmann, 1896).

Henneguy L. F. , Leçons sur la cellule (Paris: Carvé, 1896).

[Anon.], Microscopes, apparatus, and specimens (London: Baker, 1898, etc).

Mann G. , Physiological histology, methods and theory (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1902).

Campbell A. W. , Histological studies on the localisation of cerebral function (Cambridge: University Press, 1905).