Newton and the Demonic Furies: Some Current Problems and Approaches in History of Science

See the discussions in the recent Minnesota studies: Stuewer Roger H. (ed.), Historical and philosophical perspectives of science (Minneapolis, 1970), vol. v.

See the excellent discussion of Hobsbawm E. J. , “From social history to the history of society”, Daedalus , Winter 1970, 20–45. This issue has many articles of interest to the historian of science, as also has Daedalus, Spring 1971.

Among the more recent studies see Crosland Maurice , The society of Arcueil: A view of French science at the time of Napoleon I (London, 1967); Hahn Roger , The anatomy of a scientific institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666–1803 (Berkeley, 1971); Morrell J. B. , “Professors Robison and Playfair, and the Theophobia Gallica: Natural philosophy, religion and politics in Edinburgh, 1789–1815”, Notes and records of the Royal Society, xxvi (1971), 43–63.

For an excellent discussion see Stone Laurence , “Prosopography”, Daedalus, Winter 1971, 46–79.

Stone maintains correctly that Beard's Charles A. An economic interpretation of the constitution of the United States (New York, 1913) is the first attempt at applying the prosopographical techniques to a major historical problem.

See the critical and thoughtful review of prosopography by Momigliano A. in Journal of Roman studies, xxx (1940), 75–80; and H. Butterfield's stimulating George III and the historians (London, 1957).

Holmes G. , British politics in the age of Anne (London, 1967); Badian E. , Foreign clientelae (Oxford, 1958); Speck W. A. , Tory and Whig: The struggle in the constituencies 1701–1715 (London, 1970); Aylmer G. E. , “Office-holding as a factor in English history 1625–42”, History, xliv (1959), 228–40. See also Broughton T. R. S. , The magistrates of the Roman Republic (New York, 1951–52). Broughton was the first to make proper application of prosopography to Roman studies.

Hall A. Rupert , “Merton revisited: Or science and society in the seventeenth century”, History of science, ii (1963), 3–6. Also see King M. D. , “Reason, tradition, and the progressiveness of science”, History and theory, x (1971), 9–21.

Newton A. P. , The colonising activities of the English puritans (New Haven, 1914); Brunton D. Pennington D. H. , Members of the Long Parliament (London, 1954); Zagorin Perez , The court and the country (London, 1969). For an interesting review of Zagorin, see Roots Ivan , English historical review, lxxxvi (1971), 364–6.

Birley A. R. , Septimus Severus the African emperor (London, 1971) uses career inscription to good effect. For another systematic use of prosopographical techniques see Brunt P. A. , Italian manpower 225 b.c.-a.d. 14 (Oxford, 1971). See also the extensive work of Jones A. H. M. Martindale J. R. Morris J. , The prosopography of the Later Roman Empire (Cambridge, 1971).

Plumb J. H. , The first four Georges (London, 1957); Clifford James L. , Man versus society in eighteenth century Britain: Six points of view (Cambridge, 1968).

Trevor-Roper H. R. , Religion, the Reformation and social change, and other essays (London, 1967), 345–91.

Hill J. E. C. , God's Englishman: Oliver Cromwell and the English revolution (London, 1970).

Maurice Crosland, op. cit. (ref. 3).

See Ravetz J. R. , Scientific knowledge and its social problems (Oxford, 1971). See also the very useful Science, growth and society: A new perspective (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1971).

I owe this example to Dr R. C. Olby of Leeds University.

Ravetz J. R. , “Ideological crisis in science”, New scientist and science journal, 1 July 1971, 35–36.

Plumb J. H. , The death of the past (London, 1969).

Gilbert Felix , “Intellectual history: Its aims and methods”, Daedalus, Winter 1971, 80–97; Gombrich E. H. , In search of cultural history (Oxford, 1971).

Lamprecht Karl , Deutsches Wirtschaftsleben im Mittelalter (3 vols, Leipzig, 1886); Panofsky Erwin , Studies in iconology: Humanistic themes in the art of the Renaissance (London, 1962); Dilthey Wilhelm , “Die Jugendgeschichte Hegels”, in Abhandlungen der Königlich Preussichen Akademie der Wissenschaften for 1905; Jaspers Karl , Psychologie der Weltanschauungen (Berlin, 1919); Huizinga Johan , The waning of the Middle Ages: A study of the forms of life, thought and art in France and the Netherlands in the XIV and XV centuries (London, 1950).

Michelet Jules , Histoire de la Révolution Française (9 vols, Paris, 1879); Troeltsch Ernest , Augustin die Christliche Antike und das Mittelalter im Anschluss an die Schrift ‘De Civitate Dei’ (Munich and Berlin, 1915); Meinecke Friedrich , Die Idee der Staatsräson in der neueren Geschichte , in Werke, i (Munich, 1957). The works of Lucien Febvre, Robert Mandrou, Michel Foucault and Keith Thomas are cited below in the text.

Engels Friedrich , The condition of the working class in England (London, 1892); Spengler Oswald , The decline of the West , trans. Atkinson Charles F. (2 vols, London, 1926–28); Toynbee Arnold Joseph , A study of history (12 vols, London, 1934–61); de Chardin Teilhard , The vision of the past, trans. Cohen J. M. (London, 1966).

McGuire J. E. , “Force, active principles and Newton's Invisible Realm”, Ambix, xv (1968), 154–208. See also the article by Priestly F. E. L. in Butts R. Davis J. , eds, The methodological heritage of Newton (Oxford, 1970), 34–56.

Walzer Michael , The revolution of the saints (London, 1966).

Op. cit. (ref. 23). See also “Boyle's Concept of Nature”, forthcoming in Journal of the history of ideas, xxxiii (1972).

Vico G. B. , La scienza nuova prima in Opere, ed. Nicolini F. Ricciardi R. , iii (Milan, 1931).

Michelet Jules , Histoire de France (Paris, 1875–77).

Trevor-Roper H. R. , “The Romantic movement and the study of history”, John Coffin Memorial Lecture (London, 1969).

Dilthey Wilhelm , Gesammelte Schriften (Leipzig, 1914–58), vols iv and xiv.

Manuel Frank E. , “The use and abuse of psychology in history”, Daedalus , Winter 1971, 187–213. For a perceptive analysis of Freudianism and art history, see Schapiro Meyer , “Leonardo and Freud: An art-historical study”, in Renaissance essays, ed. Kristeller Paul O. Wiener Philip P. (New York, 1965).

Erikson E. H. , Gandhi's truth on the origins of militant non-violence (New York, 1969), and Young man Luther: A study in psychoanalysis and history (New York 1958).