Early Astronomical and Mathematical Instruments

Cf. the interesting remarks on this subject by Professor A. N. Garvan, of the University of Pennyslvania, in his paper, “Slide rule and sector: A study in science, technology and society”, read at the Xth International Congress of the History of Science, Ithaca, 1962 (as yet unpublished; I am indebted to Lieut. Commander D. W. Waters of the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, for lending me a typescript of this paper).

The astrolabe, made in 1559 by Thomas Gemini (fl. 1524–62; Taylor [1], 165–6, Michel [14]; see also n. 24 below), and some of the instruments by Elias Allen (fl. 1606–54; Taylor [1], 198) were presented to the University of Oxford by John Greaves' brother, Nicholas, in 1659; they are now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. See Gunther [5] and [6], and Birch Thomas (ed.). Miscellaneous works of Mr. John Greaves …, 2 vols. (London, 1737) ii, 371.

See Baldini Gianfrancesco , “Sopra un'antica piastra di bronzo, chi si suppone un'orologio da sole”, Saggi di disputazioni accademiche publicamente lette nella nobili Academia Etrusca dell'antichissima città di Cortona, iii (Rome, 1741) 185–94 (Diss. VII). A similar vertical dial, ?c. 250 a.d., said to have been found near Bratislava, is in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, no. I. 1 (Stebbins [1]); a third dial of this type was found at Crêt Chatelard (Loire).

It is often forgotten that sundials continued to be important instruments long after clocks and watches had come into general use. Cf. for instance, Emerson W. , Dialling. Or the art of drawing dials on all sorts of planes whatsoever (London 1770), p. iii: “And tho' we be furnished with some sorts of moving machines … as clocks and watches; yet these are often out of order, apt to stop and go wrong, and therefore require frequently to be regulated and set right, by some unerring instrument as a dial; which being rightly constructed, will always (when the sun shines) tell us truth. And therefore whether we have any clocks or not, we should never be without a dial”.

Cf., for instance, a manuscript list of “Instrumentos Matematicos, y Mapas, para los usos del Globo Celeste y Terrestre, Piedra Iman guarnecida, y otras cosas”, with their values, apparently prepared at Toledo in 1773, by the calligrapher and auctioneer, Francisco Xavier de Santiago y Palomares (Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, MS Museum 93). The list includes several astronomical instruments, including an unrecorded astrolabe, made in Naples in 1625, by Cornelius Vinchx of Antwerp (Zinner [5], 570–1). Cf. also Michel [4], passim, and Zinner [5], 607–9.

Subsequently bequeathed to Christ Church, Oxford, and now on loan to the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. See Gunther [1], i and ii, passim, Sherwood Taylor [1], 28–9. The Earl's orrery (an instrument which was named after him by the maker, John Rowley (d. 1728; Taylor [1], 294–5) according to Richard Steele writing in the Englishman, 29 Oct. 1713) remained in his family, and was later at the United Services Museum, London. The Orrery Collection includes telescopes, and a microscope by John Marshall (1663–1725; Taylor [1], 280), and many instruments by Rowley.

For notes on several early collections of early scientific instruments, such as those of Cardinal Nicholas of Cues (d. 1462), of the Emperor Rudolph II and its inventory, of E. Bassermann-Jordan, and of J. Drecker, the eighteenth century collection in Salzburg, and survivals of the scientific work of the Jesuits, see Zinner [5], 607–9, “Sammlungen wissenschaftlicher Geräte”. On the clocks and instruments of the Emperor Charles V and their fate, see Montañes.

One of the water-clocks in the Qarawiyyîn Mosque is an astronomical clock with an astrolabe rete (Mayer [1], 73, Price [14], 43–4).

See Michel H. , “Note sur l'inventaire mondial des instruments scientifiques d'intérêt historique”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, xi^e année, no. 45 (Oct.–Dec. 1958), 394–401. The administrative address is now at the Fédération belge des Sociétés scientifiques, 43 rue des Champs-Elysées, Brussels 5.

Also to the history of astronomy in Georgia; see Khardze E. K. Kochlashvili T. A. , “K izucheniyo istorii razvitiya astronomicheskikh znaniĭ v Gruzii”, Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniya, iv (Moscow, 1958) 499–506.

Cf. also the good account of Chinese “ritual “jades and discussion of the theories of Michel and others in William Willetts, Chinese art, 2 vols. (Harmondsworth, 1958) i, ch. 2.

I-Pyón̄; Hung (Hong I-sŏp), Chosen kagahu-shi (Tokyo, 1944); the 2nd ed. of the Korean translation, Chosŏn kwahak-sa, was published at Seoul in 1949.

Now in the National Museum, Seoul. Illustrated and briefly described in Rufus [2], 38–9 and pl. 13, and Needham, Wang and Price, 161–3 and pl. XVII.

For a different assessment, of Egyptian use of instruments for astronomical observation, with which Žába takes issue (e.g. p. 74), see Neugebauer O. , The exact sciences in antiquity (2nd ed., Providence, R. I., 1957), esp. ch. IV.

An astrolabe with a geared calendar movement, made by Muhammad b. Abî Bakr b. Muhammad ar-Râshidî al-Ibarî al-Iṣfahânî in 618 A.H. (1221/2 A.D.), now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, no. IC 5.

Of eastern Islamic origin, made by Mûsà, 885 A.H. (1480/1 A.D.). Now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, no. 62–25.

See Worrell, 285, and references there given.

First published in Illustris uiri D. Ioannis de Roias Commentariorum in Astrolabium, quod Planisphaerium vocant, libri sex nunc primùm in lucem editi … (Paris, 1550).

An unpublished and anonymous astrolabe now in the Hermitage Museum, Leningrad, no. VC 512.

On his work, see Gerçek Selim Nüzhet , Türk matbaaciliği, i “Müteferrika matbaasi” (Istanbul, 1939).

Present location unknown. There is a photograph of it in an album of photographs (c. 1915), of Indian instruments and manuscripts, assembled by the late G. R. Kaye and now in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. Attention was drawn to this photograph by Professor D. J. de Solla Price, of Yale University.

The horary system for which these quadrants and sundials were constructed is of some interest (see the note in Maddison [1], no. 191). Much valuable information about different horary systems, their distribution and survival may be inferred from astrolabes, quadrants, sundials and clocks, see, for example, Michel [6], passim, García [2], passim, Higgins [1], passim, Ryckmans Moreau , passim, Bedini Silvio A. , “XIV^th and XV^th century public clocks of the Papal Marches”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, iv, fasc. 3 (1962) 209–18, and Wiedemann Eilhard Frank Josef , “Die Gebetszeiten in Islam”, Sitzungsbericht der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Sozietät in Erlangen, lviii (1926) 1–32. The standard work on horary systems and chronology is, of course, Ginsel F. K. , Handbuck der mathematischen und technischen Chronologie. Das Zeitrechnungswesen der Völker, 3 vols. (Leipzig, 1906–14; photolith, repr. 1958).

In his account of India. See Sachau Edward C. (trans. and ed.), Alberuni's India. An account of the region, philosophy, literature, geography, chronology, astronomy customs, laws and astrology of India about a.d. 1030, 2 vols. (London, 1910) i, 137.

White Lynn Jr. , “Tibet, India, and Malaya as sources of western medieval technology”, The American historical review, lxv, no. 3 (Apr. 1960) 515–26.

Apart from the astronomical clock at Bourges, several surviving anonymous astrolabes can be identified as his work.

The similarities in the technique of engraving the scales and inscriptions on a brass instrument and that of engraving copper-plates for printing should not be overlooked. Thomas Gemini (see n. 2 above) engraved the plates for the first English edition of Vesalius, and there are several other examples of one craftsman doing both types of work (see the note in Maddison [1], no. 221). In the seventeenth century many instruments were made (for cheapness' sake) out of pasteboard to which were glued scales and diagrams printed from engraved plates. Sometimes these were provided full-size in books on instruments so that the reader could make his own instruments.

Michel [16]; see also van Durme M. (ed.), Correspondance mercatorienne (Antwerp, 1959).

See Clair Colin , Christopher Plantin (London, 1960) 198–9.

See note 17 above.

The spherical astrolabe (together with the armillary sphere) is, of course, described in the Libros del saber, but these are much later than the earliest transmission of Islamic texts to medieval Christian Europe and, being written in a vernacular, had much less influence than if they had been written in Latin.

There are examples in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford, no. G. 73 (anonymous, ?c. 1450), and in the Museo di Storia della Scienza, Florence (anonymous, ?17th cent.).

See also Cajori Florian , William Oughtred. A great seventeenth-century teacher of mathematics (Chicago and London, 1916).

Cf. Balmer Aitken M. J. , “Magnetic dating”, Archaeometry, iii (1960) 41–4.

Especially in view of the illustration in MS. Chartres 173, reproduced in Michel [8], p. 5 of off-print.

A full-size working reconstruction of this clock, completed in 1961 by Mr. P. N. Haward of Messrs. Thwaites and Reed of London and Mr. F. N. Fryer, under the direction of Mr. H. Alan Lloyd, is now at the Smithsonian Institution, Washington. Another reconstruction (based on a different manuscript), by Signor Luigi Pippa, was finished in 1962 and is now in the Museo nazionale della Scienza e della Tecnica Leonardo da Vinci, Milan (illustrated in Orazio Curti, “Giovanni Dondi dell' Orologio e il suo astrario,” Museoscienza, no. 17 (Mar.-Apr. 1963) 13–15. No part of Dondi's original clock is known to survive, but there is good reason to doubt the story that it was given to Charles V who took it to Spain and that it perished when the Convent of Yuste was fired by Marshal Soult in 1809 (Lloyd [1], 23; but cf. Montañes , passim, and Dondi, 41); the clock almost certainly remained in Italy.

A detailed comparative study of the surviving manuscripts of Dondi's description of the clock is an urgent need. Eight of these manuscripts are listed by Morpurgo [2] (p. 3 of reprint; in the Biblioteca marciana, Venice; the Biblioteca ambrosiana Milan (2); the Bodleian Library, Oxford; the Biblioteca civica, Padua; the Biblioteca capitolare, Padua; Eton College; the University of Cracow). To these should be added a manuscript, apparently unknown to writers on this subject, now in the Wellcome Historical Medical Library, London (from the library of Sir Frank Crisp, sold by Messrs Sotheby & Co., London, 17 Nov. 1919; see Moorat S. A. J. , Catalogue of western manuscripts on medicine and science in the Wellcombe Historical Medical Library , i “MSS written before 1650 A.D.” (London, 1962) 512, no. 248.

Referred to in note 1, above.

A curious instrument which has not been studied is that described by Edward Wright (1558–1615; Taylor [1], 181–2) in the British Museum, MS Sloane 651, art. 4 (?c. 1610), “The Description and Vse of this Coelestiall Automaton more particularly”. Full understanding of the text is difficult in the absence of any illustration, but the instrument devised by Wright seems to combine elements characteristic of the medieval equatorium with others associated with the automatum planetarii (1682) of Christiaan Huygens (now in the Rijksmuseum voor der Geschiedenis der Naturwetenshappen, Leyden; see Defossez [2]), the machine devised by Hales Stephen , c. 1705 (drawing by William Stukeley, the antiquary, in the Bodleian Library, Oxford, MS. Gen. Top. d. 14), and the later orreries.

But a plausible fake such as the sand-glass in the National Maritime Museum, Greenwich, purporting to have been made in Transylvania in 1311 by a Brother Benedict of the Order of Templars, might well have misled an unwary historian, since the history of sand-glasses is not well documented (Vivielle and Waters [1]; cf. also the illustrated 2nd ed. of Ernst Jünger's discursive Das Sanduhrbuch (Frankfurt am Main, 1957).

Many of these are good examples of metal work and were, and are, made in Iṣfahân; the names of two of the makers are known. The instruments are sold to tourists at reasonable prices; it is only when they reach sale-rooms or dealers in Europe or the U.S.A. that high prices are paid through failure to recognise the scientific and inscriptional inaccuracies. See a file on fake Islamic instruments in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford. I am grateful to Mr. William Green Miller of the American Embassy, Tehran, for information on this subject.

Price [5] is a model of the application of various disciplines in this field. Destombes [3] and Unbegaun are examples of studies of particular topics relating to scientific instruments contributing to knowledge of other subjects.

Abbott. Abbott Nabia , “Indian astrolabe makers”, Islamic culture, xi, no. 1 (Jan. 1937) 144–6.

Abramyan & Tumanyan. Abramyan R. A. Tumanyan B. E. , “Ob astronomicheskikh rabotakh Ananiya Shirakatsĭ”, Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniya, ii (Moscow, 1956) 239–46.

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Adnan-Adivar. Adnan-Adīvar Abdülhak , Osmanh türklerinde ilim (2nd ed., Istanbul, 1943). (A much enlarged edition of the first, La science chez les turcs ottomans, Paris, 1939).

Albuquerque*. Albuquerque Luís , Introdução à história dos descobrimentos (Lisbon, 1962) esp. ch. III “Os conhecimentos astronómicos e a náutica”.

Amiesenowa. Amiesenowa Zofia , The globe of Martin Bylica of Olkusz and celestial maps in the East and the West (Polska Akademia Nauk. Komitet Historii Nauki. Monografie z dziejów nauki i techniki, xi) (Wrocław, Cracow and Warsaw, 1959).

Anthiaume & Sottas. Anthiaume A. Sottas Jules , L'astrolabe-quadrant du Musée des Antiquités de Rouen. Recherches sur les connaissances mathématiques, astronomiques et nautiques du moyen âge (Paris, 1910).

'Awad*. 'Awad Kurkîs , “Al-asṭurlâb wa-mâ'ullîf fîha min kutub wa-rasa'il fî-l-'aṣûr al-islâmiyya”, Sumer, xiii (1957) 154–178.

Badia. del Badia Iodoco , Egnazio Danti, cosmografo e matematico e le sue opere in Firenze. Memoria storica (Florence, 1881). (Reprinted from the Rassegna nazionale, vi and vii (Sept. and Nov. 1881).)

Balmer*. Balmer Heinz , Beiträge zur Geschichte der Erkenntnis des Erdmagnetismus (Veröffentlichungen der Schweizerischen Gesellschaft für Geschichte der Medezin und der Naturwissenschaften, xx) (Aarau, 1956).

Barthold. Barthold V. V. , Four studies on the history of Central Asia , ii “Ulugh beg” (Leyden, 1958).

Baxandall. Baxandall D. , Board of Education. Catalogue of the collections in the Science Museum, South Kensington, with descriptive and historical notes and illustrations. Mathematics . I. ‘Calculating machines and instruments’ (London, 1926).

Beaujouan & Poulle. Beaujouan Guy Poulle Emmanuel , “Les origines de la navigation astronomique aux XIV^e et XV^e siècles”, Le navire et l'économie maritime du XV^e au XVIII^e siècle. Travaux du Colloque d'Histoire maritime tenu le 17 mai 1956, à l'Académie de Marine (Bibliothèque générale de l'École pratique des Hautes Études, VI^e section) (Paris 1957).

Bedini. Bedini Silvio A. , “The compartmented cylindrical clepsydra”, Technology and culture, iii, no. 2 (Spring 1962) 115–141.

Beevers. Beevers S. Benson , “The John Gershom Parkington Memorial Collection of time measurement instruments”, repr. from The connoisseur year-book 1958 (London, 1958), sold at the Collection at Bury St. Edmunds.

Behaim exhibition catalogue. Martin Behaim und die nürnberger Kosmographen. Ausstellung anlasslich des 450. Todestages von Martin Behaim im Germanischen National-Museum, Nürnberg, Juli bis September 1957 (Nuremberg, 1957).

Belgian inventory*. Centre national d'Histoire des Sciences. Inventaire des instruments scientifiques historiques conservés en Belgique, 2 parts (Brussels, 1959 and 1960).

Berryer & Dresse de Lébioles. Berryer Anne-Marie de Lébioles Liliane Dresse , La Mesure du temps à travers les âges aux Musées royaux d'Art et de Histoire (Brussels, 1961).

Beyer Bach Muller . “Le globe céleste de Dasypodius. I. Étude historique par Victor Beyer. II. Étude astronomique et horlogère par Henri Bach. III. Étude hymnologique par Ernest Muller”, Bulletin de la Société des Amis de la Cathédrale de Strasbourg 2nd series, no. 7 (1960) 103–39.

Bion. Bion [Nicolas] , The construction and principal uses of mathematical instruments. Translated from the French … To which are added, The construction and uses of such instruments as are omitted by M. Bion; particularly of those invented or improved by the English. By Edmund Stone (London, 1723).

al-Bîrûnî. Abu'l Rayḥân Muḥammad b. Aḥmad al-Bîrûnî, The book of instruction in the elements of the art of astrology (trans. by Wright R. Ramsay ) (London, 1934).

Bobinger. Bobinger Maximilian , Christoph Schissler der Ältere und der Jüngere (Augsburg and Basle [1954]).

Boffito*. Boffito G. , Gli strumenti della scienza e la scienza degli strumenti. Con l'illustrazione della Tribuna di Galileo (Florence, 1929); with an appendix, Il Museo degli strumenti antichi (Florence, 1930).

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Bonelli [2]. [ Bonelli Maria Luisa (ed.)], Cimeli Galileiana (Istituto e Museo di Storia della Scienza, Biblioteca, v) (Florence, 1962).

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Brochado. Brochado Costa , O piloto árabe de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1959).

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Brussels exhibition catalogue [2]. … Exposition. Art, Histoire et Sciences. Catalogue. Bruxelles. Musées Royaux d'Art et d'Histoire. 26 avril-30 mai 1957 (Brussels, 1957).

Caldo. Caldo Lorenzo , Astrolabi del Museo nazionale di Palermo (Pubblicazioni dell' Osservatorio astronomico di Palermo. Memorie, no. 65) (Palermo, 1936). (Reprinted in Coelum, viii (June 1938) 101–8.)

Capart. Capart Jean , “Horloges égyptiennes”, Bulletin des Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire [Bruxelles], x^e année, no. 3 (May–June, 1938).

Čapla. Čapla Vasil , “Vznik a vývoj matematických strojů od nejstarších dob do druhé světové války”, Sborník pro dějiny přírodních věd a techniky/Acta historiae rerum naturalium nec non technicarum, vi (1961) 191–210 (with English summary).

Carmody*. Carmody Francis J. , Arabic astronomical and astrological sciences in Latin translation. A critical bibliography (Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1956).

Casanova. Casanova Paul , “La montre du sultan Noûr ad dîn (554 de l'Hégire = 1159–1160)”, Syria (1923) 282–99.

Chadenat catalogue. Collection Ch. Chadenat. Instruments de mathématiques anciens … dont la vente aux enchères publiques aura lieu: Hôtel Drouot … le jeudi 24 mai 1956 … [Paris, 1956].

Chenakal [1]. Chenakal V. L. , “Bol'shoĭ nepodvizhnyĭ teleskop Lomonosova s siderostatom”, Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniya, i (Moscow, 1955) 207–12.

Chenakal [2]. Chenakal V. L. , “Astronomicheskaya observatoriya Peterburgsko˘ Akademii Nauk v kontse tridtsatykh godov XVIIIv.”, idem, ii (Moscow, 1956) 141–52.

Chenakal [3]. Chenakal V. L. , “Malye observatorii Peterburgskoĭ Akademii Nauk v XVIIIv.”, idem, iii (Moscow, 1957) 261–428.

Chenakal [4]. Chenakal V. L. , “Proektirovanie, stroitel'stovo i osnashchenie instrumentami pervoĭ astronomicheskoĭ observatorii Peterburgskoĭ Akademii Nauk”, ibid. 429–51.

Chenakal [5]*. Chenakal V. L. , “Zerkal'nye teleskopy William-a Herschel-ya v Rossii”, idem., iv (Moscow, 1958) 253–339.

Chenakal [6]*. Chenakal V. L. , “James Short i russkaya astronomiya XVIIIv.”, idem., v (Moscow, 1959) 11–82.

Chenakal [7]*. Chenakal V. L. , “Astronomicheskie instrumenty John-a Bird-a v Rossii XVIIIv.”, idem., vi (Moscow, 1960) 54–120.

Chilton. Chilton D. , “Land measurement in the sixteenth century”, The Newcomen Society for the study of history of engineering and technology. Transactions, xxxi (1957–8 & 1958–9) 111–129.

Chumovsky [1]. Shumovski T. A. Chumovsky , Tres roteiros desconhecidos de Ahmad ibn-Mādjid, o piloto árabe de Vasco da Gama (Lisbon, 1960).

Chumovsky [2]. Shumovski T. A. Chumovsky , “Uma enciclopédia marítima árabe do século XV”, Congresso internacional de História dos Descobrimentos. [Lisboa, 5 a 12 de Setembro de 1960]. Actas, iii (Lisbon, 1961) 43–55.

Cohen. Cohen I. Bernard , Some early tools of American science. An account of the early scientific instruments and mineralogical and biological collections in Harvard University (Cambridge, Mass., 1950).

Combridge. Combridge J. H. , “The celestial balance. A practical reconstruction”, reprinted for the Antiquarian Horological Society from the Horological Journal (Feb. 1962).

Conservatoire exhibition catalogue. Musée du Conservatoire national des Arts et Métiers. Horloges et automates. Septembre–Novembre 1954 [Paris, 1954].

Crombie*. Crombie A. C. , Augustine to Galileo, 2nd ed., 2 vols. (London, 1961).

Crommelin. Crommelin C. A. , Descriptive catalogue of the Huygens Collection in the Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen … at Leiden (Communication no. 70 from the Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen) (Leyden, 1949).

Crone. Crone G. R. , “Martin Behaim, navigator and cosmographer; figment of imagination or historical personage?”, Congresso internacional de História dos Descobrimentos [Lisboa, 5 a 12 de Setembro de 1960]. Actas, ii (Lisbon, 1961) 117–33.

Custódio. de Morais J. Custódio , “Determinação das coordenadas géográficas no Oceano índico pelos pilotos portugueses e árabes no princípio do século XVI”, Congresso internacional de História dos Descobrimentos [Lisboa, 5 a 12 de Setembro de 1960]. Actas, ii (Lisbon, 1961) 475–521.

Dalton. Dalton O. M. , “The Byzantine astrolabe at Brescia”, Proceedings of the British Academy, reprint (1926).

Daumas [1]*. Daumas Maurice , Les instruments scientifiques aux XVII^e et XVIII^e siècles (Paris, 1953).

Daumas [2]. Daumas Maurice , “Les instruments d'observation au XV^e et XVI^e siecles”, Colloques internationaux du Centre national de la Recherche scientifique. Sciences humaines. Léonard de Vinci et l'expérience scientifique an XVI^e siècle. Paris, 4–7 juillet 1952 (Paris, 1953) 121–39.

Daumas [3]. Daumas Maurice , “Precision mechanics”, A history of technology (ed. by Singer Charles Holmyard E. J. Hall A. R. Williams Trevor I. ), iv (Oxford, 1958) 379–416.

Defossez [1]*. Defossez L. , Les savants du XVII^e siècle et la mesure du temps (Lausanne, 1946).

Defossez [2]. Defossez L. , “Le planétaire de Christian Huygens”, Journal suisse d'horlogerie (Sept.–Oct. 1947) 406–16.

D'Elia*. D'Elia Pasquale M. S. J., Galileo in China. Relations through the Roman College between Galileo and the Jesuit scientist-missionaries (1610–1640) (Cambridge, Mass., 1960).

Destombes [1]. Destombes Marcel , “Globes célestes et catalogues d'étoiles orientaux du moyen-âge”, Actes du VIII^e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences (Florence 3–9 septembre 1956) (Florence, 1957) 313–24.

Destombes [2]. Destombes Marcel , “Un globe céleste arabe du XII^e siècle”, Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Inscriptions [Paris], iii (1958) 300–13.

Destombes [3]. Destombes Marcel , “Les chiffres coufiques des instruments astronomiques”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, ii (1960), fasc. 3, 197–210.

Destombes [4]*. Destombes Marcel , “Un astrolabe carolingien et l'origine de nos chiffres arabes”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, xv, nos. 58/59 (Jan.–June 1962) 3–45.

Dickinson. Dickinson H. W. , “A brief history of draughtsmen's instruments”, The Newcomen Society for the study of history of engineering and technology. Transactions, xxvii (1943/1950 and 1950/1951) 73–84.

Dicks. Dicks D. R. (ed.), The geographical fragments of Hipparchus (London, 1960).

Diehls*. Diehls Hermann , Antike Technik. Sieben Vorträge, 2nd ed. (Leipzig and Berlin, 1920).

Dippel. Dippel Ernst , “Die astronomisch-physikalische Sammlung im Hessischen Landesmuseum zu Kassel”, Mitteilungen des Hessischen Bezirksvereins Deutscher Ingenieure, 18. Jahrgang, fasc. 6 (June 1928).

Dondi*. dall'Orologio Giovanni Dondi , Tractatus astrarii. Biblioteca capitolare di Padova, Cod. D. 39 (ed. by Barzon Antonio Morpurgo Enrico Petrucci Armando Francescato Giuseppe ) (Codices ex ecclesiasticis italiae bibliothecis selecti … ix) (Vatican City, 1960).

Doorman.* Doorman G. , Patents for inventions in the Netherlands during the 16th, 17th and 18th centuries, with notes on the historical development of technics (abridged English version) (The Hague, 1942).

Doppelmayr. Doppelmayr Johann Gabriel , Historische Nachricht von den nürnbergischen Mathematicis und Kunstlern … (Nuremberg, 1730).

Drachmann. Drachmann A. G. , “The plane astrolabe and the anaphoric clock”, Centaurus, iii, no. 3 (1955) 183–9.

Drecker [1]. Drecker [J.] , Zeitmessung und Sterndeutung in geschichtlicher Darstellung (Sammlung Borntraeger, viii) (Berlin, 1925).

Drecker [2]. “Das Planisphaerium des Claudius Ptolemaeus”, Isis, ix (1927) 255–78.

Drover. Drover C. B. , “A medieval monastic water-clock”, Antiquarian horology, i, no. 5 (Dec. 1954) 54–8 and 63.

Eisler*. Eisler Robert , “The polar sighting-tube”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 2^c année, no. 6 (Jan. 1949) 312–32.

Engelmann. Engelmann Max , Sammlung [Ant. W. M.] Mensing. Altwissenschaftliche Instrumente. Katalog (Amsterdam (Frederik Muller and Co.), 1924).

Ernst. Ernst Alfred , “Instruments de mathématiques”, La Collection Spitzer, v (Paris, 1894) 63–122.

Ferrand*. Ferrand Gabriel , Instructions nautiques et routiers arabes et portugais des XV^e et XVI^e siècles, iii “Introduction à l'astronomie nautique arabe (Paris, 1928).

Findlay catalogue [1]. The Sir John Findlay Collection. Catalogue of an important collection of scientific instruments (the first part). The property of Sir Edmund Findlay, Bt. The collection … for many years on loan to the Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh … will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby and Co. … 34 and 35 New Bond Street, W.1. … Monday, December 4th, 1961. …

Findlay catalogue [2]. Idem, … (The second and final part) … which will be sold by auction by Messrs. Sotheby & Co. … Monday, February 26th, 1962. …

Fischer. Fischer K. , “Die Uhrmacher in Böhmen und Mähren zur Zeit der Gotik und Renaissance”, Neuen Uhrmacher-Zeitung, no. 2 (31 Jan. 1963).

Florence exhibition catalogue. [ Bonelli M. L. (ed.),] 1^a Esposizione nazionale di Storia delle Scienze (Firenze maggio-ottubre 1929). Catalogo con aggiornamenti. Istituto e Museo di Storio delle Scienze, Firenze 1952 (Florence, 1952).

Fontoura. da Costa A. Fontoura , A marinharia dos descobrimentos, 3rd ed. (Lisbon, 1960).

Fox. Fox Philip , Adler Planetarium and Astronomical Museum. An account of the optical planetarium and a brief guide to the museum (Chicago, 1933).

Fransîs & Naqshabandî. Fransîs Bashîr an-Naqshabandî Nâṣir , “Alasturlâbât fî Dâr al-Athâr al-'Arabîyya fî Baghdâd”, Sumer, xiii, nos. 1 and 2 (1957) 9–33.

Freson. Freson E. , “Un cadran solaire gallo-romain”, Fédération archéologique et historique de Belgique. XXIX^me session. Congrès de Liége 1932, 124 ff.

Fuller. Fuller A. W. , “Universal rectilinear dials”, The mathematical gazette, xli, no. 335 (February 1957) 9–24.

García [1]. Franco Salvador García , “Los cuadrantes astronómicos del medievo”, Revista general de marina, cxxviii (May 1945) 673–8.

García [2]. Franco Salvador García , Catálogo crítico de astrolabios existentes en España (Madrid, 1945).

García [3]. Franco Salvador García , Historia del arte y ciencia de navegar. Desenvolvimiento histórico de “los cuatro términos” de la navegación, 2 vols. (Madrid, 1947).

Gillingham. Gillingham Harrold E. , “Some early Philadelphia instrument makers”, The Pennsylvania magazine of history and biography, Oct. 1927.

Gunther [1]. Gunther Robert T. , Early science in Oxford, 14 vols. and Appendix (Oxford, 1923–1945).

Gunther [2]. Gunther Robert T. , “The great astrolabe and other scientific instruments of Humphrey Cole”, Archaeologia, lxxvi (1927) 273–317.

Gunther [3]*. Gunther Robert T. , The astrolabes of the world, 2 vols. (Oxford, 1932).

Gunther [4]. Gunther Robert T. , University of Oxford. Handbook of the Museum of the History of Science in the Old Ashmolean Building, Oxford (Oxford, 1935).

Gunther [5]. Gunther Robert T. , “The first observatory instruments of the Savilian professors at Oxford”, The observatory, lx, no. 758 (July 1937) 190–7.

Gunther [6]. Gunther Robert T. , “The astrolabe of Queen Elizabeth”, Archaeologia lxxxvi (1937) 65–72.

Gunther [7]. Gunther Robert T. , Early science in Cambridge (Oxford, 1937).

Guyot. Guyot E. , “Le nocturlabe/De nachtwijzer of nocturniaal,” Technica, xi, no. 129 (15 Apr. 1957) 261 ff.

Hall. [ Hall A. R. ,] University of Cambridge. History of Science Lectures Committee. A guide to the historic scientific instruments in the Whipple Museum of the History of Science (Cambridge, 1949).

Hallo. Hallo Rudolf , Die Sternwarten Kassels in hessischer Zeit (Kassel, 1929).

Hartner [1]. Hartner Willy , “The principle and use of the astrolabe”, A survey of persian art from prehistoric times to the present (ed. by Pope Arthur Upham ) (London and New York, 1939) iii, 2530–2554, and vi, pls. 1397–1402.

Hartner [2]. Hartner Willy , “The astronomical instruments of Cha-ma-lu-ting, their identification, and their relation to the observatory of Marâgha”, Isis, xli (1950) 184–94.

Hartner [3]. Hartner Willy , “Asṭurlāb”, Encyclopaedia of Islam, new ed., i, fasc. 12 (London, 1958), 722–8.

Higgins [1]. Higgins Kathleen , “The development of the sun-dial between a.d. 1400 and 1800”, unpublished thesis for the degree of B.Sc., Oxford University, 1953 (copy in the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford).

Higgins [2]. Higgins Kathleen , “The classification of sundials”, Annals of science, ix, no. 4 (Dec. 1953) 342–58.

Hill & Paget Tomlinson. Hill H. O. Paget-Tomlinson E. W. , Instruments of navigation. A catalogue of instruments at the National Maritime Museum [Greenwich] with notes upon their use (London, 1958).

Holloway. Holloway H. Maxson , “Checklist of the Samuel Verplanck Hoffman Collection of astrolabes and sundials”, Annual report of the New York Historical Society for the year 1945 (New York, 1946) 62–71.

Howgrave-Graham. Howgrave-Graham R. P. , “Some clocks and jacks, with notes on the history of horology”, Archaeologia, lxxvii (1928) 257–312.

Hoyle. Hoyle Fred , Astronomy (London, 1962).

Ilbert catalogue. Catalogue of the celebrated collection of English and continental clocks, also a collection of Japanese clocks formed by the late Courtenay A. Ilbert … which will be sold at auction by Christie, Manson & Woods, Ltd. … London … Thursday, November 6, 1958 and Friday, November 7, 1958 …, First portion (all published, as the sale did not take place).

Italian Inventory.* Union internationale d'Histoire et Philosophie des Sciences … Commission pour l'Inventaire mondial des Appareils scientifiques d'intérêt historique. Inventaire des instruments conservés en Italie, 5 vols. (Milan, 1963).

Josten. [ Josten C. H. ,] A catalogue of scientific instruments … from the collection of J. A. Billmeir Esq., 2nd ed. (London, 1955).

Karĭ-Niyazov. Karĭ-Niyazov T. N. , Astronomicheskaya shkola Ulug-beka (Moscow-Leningrad, 1950).

Kaye [1]*. Kaye G. R. , The astronomical observatories of Jai Singh (Archaeological Survey of India, new imperial series, xl) (Calcutta, 1918).

Kaye [2]. Kaye G. R. Astronomical instruments in the Delhi Museum (Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of India, no. 12) (Calcutta, 1921).

Kennedy [1]. Kennedy E. S. , “A fifteenth-century lunar eclipse computer”, Scripta mathematica, xvii (1951) 91–7.

Kennedy [2]. Kennedy E. S. , “A survey of Islamic astronomical tables”, Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, new series, xlvi, part 2 (May 1956) 123–77.

Kennedy [3]. Kennedy E. S. (trans. and ed.), The planetary equatorium of Jamshīd Ghiyāth al-dīn al-Kāshī (d. 1429). An edition of the anonymous Persian manuscript 75 [44b] in the Garrett Collection at Princeton University. Being a description of two computing instruments The Plate of Heavens and the Plate of Conjunctions (Princeton oriental studies, xviii) Princton, N.J., 1960).

Kiely. Kiely Edmond R. , Surveying instruments, their history and classroom use (New York, 1947).

King*. King Henry C. , The history of the telescope (London, 1956).

Kirchvogel [1]. Kirchvogel Paul Adolf , Der Hofmechanikus Johann Christian Breithaupt. Betrachtungen zum 175 jährigen Bestehen der Firma F. W. Breithaupt & Sohn in Kassel (Kassel, 1938).

Kirchvogel [2]. Kirchvogel Paul Adolf , “Das Astronomisch-Physikalische Kabinett des Hessischen Landesmuseums”, Physikalische Blatter, 9. Jahrgang, fasc. 6 (1953) 259–63.

Lancaster-Jones. Lancaster-Jones E. , Board of Education. Catalogue of the collection in the Science Museum, South Kensington, with descriptive and historical notes and illustrations. Geodesy and surveying (London, 1925).

Laurie. Laurie P. S. , The old Royal Observatory [Greenwich] (Greenwich, 1960).

Leonov. Leonov N. I. , Nauchnyĭ podvig samarkandskikh astronomov XVv. (Moscow, 1960).

Leyden museum guide. Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen. National Museum for the History of Science. Guide and plan (Leyden, 1956).

Li. Shu-Hua Li , “Origine de la boussole”, Isis, xlv (1954) 78–94, 175–96.

Libros del saber. Rico y Sinobas Manuel (ed.), Libros del saber de astronomía del rey D. Alfonso X de Castilla, 4 vols. (Madrid, 1863–1866).

Liége exhibition catalogue. Exposition internationale de la technique de l'eau—Liége 1939. Historique de la construction navale et de la navigation … Catalogue, (Liége, 1939) esp. 51–72, “Les instruments anciens de mathématiques, astronomie et navigation”, by Henri Michel.

Lithberg*. Lithberg Nils , Computus med särskild hänsyn till runstaven och den borgerliga kalendern (Nordiska Museets Handlingar, xxix) (Stockholm, 1953) (with German summary).

Lomonosov museum guide. Akademiya Nauk S.S.S.R. Institut Etnografii. Muzeĭ M. V. Lomonosova. Kratkii putevoditel' (Moscow-Leningrad, 1949). (New ed. in preparation).

Loske. Loske Lothar M. , Die Sonnenuhren. Kunstwerke der Zeitmessung und ihre Geheimnisse. (Verständliche Wissenschaft, lxix) (Berlin, 1959).

Lloyd [1]. Lloyd H. Alan , Giovanni de Dondi's horological masterpiece 1364 (repr., n.p. and n.d., ?Lausanne and Oxted, Surrey, 1956). (Italian trans., “Il capolavoro d'orologeria di Giovanni de' Dondi”, La clessidra, xvii, nos. 9, 10 & 11 (1961).)

Lloyd [2]. Lloyd H. Alan , Some outstanding clocks over seven hundred years. 1250–1950 (London, 1958).

Lübke. Lübke Anton , Die Uhr. Von der Sonnenuhr zur Atomuhr (Düsseldorf, 1958).

Maddison [1]*. [ Maddison Francis R. ,] A supplement to a catalogue of scientific instruments. In the collection of J. A. Billmeir, Esq., C.B.E. Exhibited by the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford (Oxford and London, 1957).

Maddison [2]*. [ Maddison Francis R. ,] “Scientific Instruments”, in The concise encyclopaedia of antiques (ed. by Ramsey L. G. ), v (London, 1961) 194–207.

Maddison [3]. [ Maddison Francis R. ,] “A 15th century Islamic spherical astrolabe”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, iv (1962), fasc. 2, 101–9.

Maddison, Scott & Kent. [ Maddison Francis R. ,], Scott Bryan Kent Alan , “An early medieval water-clock”, Antiquarian horology, iii, no. 12 (Sept. 1962), 348–53.

Maĭstrov & Prosvirkina. Maĭstrov L. E. Prosvirkina S. K. , “Narodnye derevyannye kalendari,” Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniya, vi (Moscow, 1960) 279–98.

Mayall. Mayall R. Newton Mayall Margaret , Sundials. How to know, use and make them (Boston, Mass., 1938, repr. 1951).

Mayer [1]*. Mayer L. A. , Islamic astrolabists and their works (Geneva, 1956).

Mayer [2]*. Mayer L. A. , “Islamic astrolabists: Some new material”, in Aus der Welt der islamischen Kunst. Festschrift für Ernst Kühnel … (ed. by Ettinghausen Richard ) (Berlin, 1959) 293–6.

Mercator catalogue. Catalogue de la Collection Mercator. Instruments de mathématiques anciennes (Paris, n.d. [c. 1928]).

Michel [1]. Michel Henri , “Les instruments anciens de mathématiques des Musées d'Art et d'Histoire”, Bulletin des Musées royaux d'Art et d'Histoire [Bruzelles], 7^e année, 3^e série, no. 2 (Mar.–Apr. 1935) 26–34.

Michel [2]. Michel Henri , “L'art des instruments de mathématiques en Belgique au XVI^e siècle”, Bulletin de la Société royale d'Archéologie de Bruxelles, no. 2 (Mar.–Apr. 1935).

Michel [3]. Michel Henri , “Quatre instruments anciens de l'Observatoire royal de Belgique”, Ciel et terre, liii^e année, no. 5 (1937).

Michel [4]. Michel Henri , Introduction à l'étude d'une collection d'instruments anciens de mathématiques (Antwerp, 1939).

Michel [5]. Michel Henri , “Le rectangulus de Wallingford, précédé d'une note sur le torquetum”, Ciel et terre, lx^e année, nos. 11–12 (1944).

Michel [6]. Michel Henri , Traité de l'astrolabe (Paris, 1947).

Michel [7]. Michel Henri , “Les manuscrits astronomiques de la Bibliothèque royale de Belgique”, Ciel et terre, lxv^e année, nos. 7–8 (1949).

Michel [8]. Michel Henri , Catalogue des cadrans solaires du Musée de la Vie wallonne, 2 parts (Liège, 1953).

Michel [9]. Michel Henri , Les tubes optiques avant le téléscope; Ciel et terre, lxx^e année, nos. 5 and 6 (1954).

Michel [10]. Michel Henri , “Boussoles de mines des XVI^e et XVII^e siècles”, Ciel et terre, lxxii^e année, nos. 11–12 (1956).

Michel [11]. Michel Henri , “Le plus ancien instrument d'astronomie: Le pi”, Ciel et terre, lxxv^e anée, nos. 5–6 (1959).

Michel [12]. Michel Henri , Méthodes astronomiques des hautes époques chinoises. Conférénce donnée au Palais de la Découverte le 23 mai 1959 (Université de Paris. Les conférences du Palais de la Découverte, série D, no. 65) [Paris, 1959].

Michel [13]. Michel Henri , “Astrolabistes, géographes et graveurs belges du XVI^e siècle”, Union internationale d'Histoire et de Philosophie des Sciences. La science au seizième siècle. Colloque international de Royaumont 1–4 juillet 1957 (École pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne. Histoire de la Pensée, ii) (Paris [1960]) 13–27.

Michel [14] Michel Henri , “Gemini (Thomas Lambert ou Lambrechts, dit)”, Biographie nationale publiée par l'Académie royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, xxxi (Brussels, 1961) 386–94.

Michel [15]. Michel Henri , “Encore un jade astronomique inconnu: Le t'ou-kuei”, Ciel et terre, lxxviii^e année, nos. 3–4 (1962).

Michel [16]. Michel Henri , “Mercator, constructeur d'instruments astronomiques”, Ciel et terre, lxxviii^e année, nos. 5–6 (1962).

Mieli [1]*. Mieli Aldo , La science arabe et son rôle dans l'évolution scientifique mondiale (Leyden, 1939).

Mieli [2].* Michel Henri , El mundo islámico y el occidente medieval cristiano (Panorama general de historia de la ciencia, ii), 2nd ed. (Buenos Aires, 1952).

Millás [1]*. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , Assaig d'història de les idees físiques i matemàtiques a la Catalunya medieval, i (all published), (Estudis universitaris catalans, serie monogràfica i) (Barcelona, 1931).

Millás [2]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , “La introducción del cuadrante con cursor en Europa”, Isis, xviii (1932) 218–58; reprinted in Millás , Estudios sobre historia de la ciencia española (Consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. Instituto “Luis Vives” de Filosofía. Sección de Historia de la Filosofía española. Estudios, ii) (Barcelona, 1949) 65–110.

Millás [3]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , Real Academia de Buenos Letras. Nuevas aportaciones para el estudio de la transmisión de la ciencia a Europa a través de España. Discurso leido, el día 23 de mayo de 1943 (Barcelona, 1943).

Millás [4]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , Estudios sobre Azarquiel (Madrid-Granada, 1943–50).

Millás [5]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , “Los primeros tratados de astrolabio en la España árabe”, Nuevos estudios sobre historia de la ciencia española (Consejo superior de Investigaciones científicas. Instituto “Luis Vives” de Filosofía. Sección de Historia de la Filosofía española y Associación para la Historia de la Ciencia española. Estudios, vii) (Barcelona, 1960) 61–78.

Millás [6]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , “Las primeras traducciones científicas de origen oriental hasta mediados del siglo XII”, Actes du IX^e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences. Barcelona–Madrid 1959 (Barcelona, 1960) 33–68. (Reprinted in Millás , Nuevos estudios … (see above, Millás [5]) 79–115).

Millás [7]. Millàs-Vallicrosa José M. , “Una nueva obra astronómica alfonsí: El tratado del cuadrante ‘sennero’”, Al-Andalus, xxi (1956) 59–62. (Reprinted in Millás , Nuevos estudios … (see above, Millás [5]) 221–58).

Mogenet. Mogenet J. , “Les deux traités sur l'astrolabe de Nicéphore Grégoras”, III^e Congrès national des Sciences organisé par la Fédération belge des Sociétés scientifiques, Bruxelles, 30 mai-3 juin 1950, i “Historique du Congrès et histoire des sciences” (Brussels, n.d.) 25–6.

Montañes. Fontenla Luis Montañes , “Los relojes del Emperador. Replanteo provisional de este tema”, Cuadernos de relojería, no. 18 (apparently not published; the article was published, with another, as a reprint, Madrid, 1959).

Morley [1]*. Morley William H. , Description of a planispheric astrolabe constructed for Sháh Sultán Husain Safawí … and now preserved in the British Museum; comprising an account of the astrolabe generally, with notes illustrative and explanatory: To which are added, concise notes of twelve other astrolabes (London, 1856). (Reproduced in reduced facsimile in Gunther [3], i.)

Morley [2]. Morley William H. , “Description of an Arabic quadrant”, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, xvii (1860) 322–330.

Murpurgo [1]*. Morpurgo Enrico , Dizionario degli orologiai italiani (1300–1880) (Rome, 1950).

Morpurgo [2]. Morpurgo Enrico , “Raffronto tra l'astrario e il planetario del Dondi”, La clessidra, no. 9 (Sept. 1962).

Multhauf. Multhauf Robert P. , Catalogue of instruments and models in the possession of the American Philosophical Society. (Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society, liii) (Philadelphia, 1961).

Muris & Saarmann*. Muris Oswald Saarmann Gert , Der Globus im Wandel der Zeiten. Eine Geschichte der Globen (Berlin and Beutelsbach, 1961).

Nachet catalogue. Collection Nachet. Instruments scientifiques et livres anciens. Notice sur l'invention du microscope et son évolution par Albert Nachet. Liste de savants, constructeurs & amateurs du XVI^e au milieu du XIX^e siècle (Paris, 1929).

Nallino*. Nallino Carlo Alfonso , Raccolta di scriti editi e inediti (ed. Nallino Maria ), v “Astrologia—astronomia—geografia” (Rome, 1944).

Namur exhibition catalogue. Catalogue de l'exposition. La mesure du temps. Union professionelle des Maîtres Horlogers—Bijoutiers—Orfèvres, Namure, 7 au 22 juillet 1962. Section culturelle de la XII^e Exposition provinciale [Namur, 1962].

Napier exhibition catalogue. Horsburgh E. M. (ed.), Napier Tercentenary Celebration. Handbook of the Exhibition of Napier Relics and of Books, Instruments, and Devices for facilitating Calculations (Edinburgh, 1914).

Needham [1]*. Needham J. , Science and civilisation in China (Cambridge, 1954 ff. (in progress; vol. iv, pt 1 was published in 1962)).

Needham [2]*. Needham Joseph , “The Peking observatory in a.d. 1280 and the development of the equatorial mounting” in Vistas in astronomy (ed. by Beer A. ), i (London and New York, 1955) 67–83.

Needham, Wang & Price*. Needham Joseph Ling Wang Price Derek J. , Heavenly clockwork: The great astronomical clocks of medieval China (Cambridge, 1959).

Neugebauer*. Neugebauer O. , “The early history of the astrolabe” (Studies in ancient astronomy, ix, Isis, xl (1949) 240–256.

Nolte. Nolte Friedrich , Die Armillarsphäre (Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medezin, ii) (Erlangen, 1922).

Olmsted*. Olmsted John W. , “The ‘application’ of telescopes to astronomical instruments, 1667–1669. A study in historical method”, Isis, xl (1949) 213–25.

Paris exhibition catalogue [1]. Musée rétrospectif de la classe 15, Instruments de précision, à l'Exposition universelle internationale de 1900, à Paris. Rapport du Comité d'Installation ([Paris], n.d.)

Paris exhibition catalogue [2]. Exposition des instruments et outils d'autrefois. Mars–avril 1936. Musée des Arts décoratifs. Palais du Louvre—Pavillon de Marsan [Paris, 1936].

Pedersen. Pedersen Olaf , An astronomical computing instrument, duplicated typescript from the Fysiske Institut, Aarhus Universitet, n. d.

Pereira. da Silva Luciano Pereira , “O astrolabio universal da Sociedade de Geografia de Lisboa”, Jornal de ciências matemáticas, físicas e naturais da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa, 3^a série, v (1926). (Reprinted in Obras completas de Luciano Pereira da Silva, 3 vols. (Lisbon, 1943–6) iii, 331–52).

Poulle [1]. Poulle Emmanuel , “Recherches sur les traités médiévaux d'instruments astronomiques d'observation”, École nationale des Chartes. Positions de thèses soutenues par les élèves de la promotion de 1954 pour obtenir le diplome d'archiviste paléographe (1954) 119–123.

Poulle [2]. Poulle Emmanuel , “L'astrolabe médiéval d'après les manuscripts de la Bibliothèque nationale”, Bibliothèque de l'École des Chartes, cxii (1954) 81–103.

Poulle [3]. Poulle Emmanuel , “La fabrication des astrolabes au moyen âge”, Techniques et civilisations, iv, no. 4 (1955) 117–128.

Poulle [4]. Poulle Emmanuel , “Peut-on later les astrolabes médiévaux?”, Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, ix, no. 4 (Oct.–Dec. 1956) 301–322.

Poulle [5]*. Poulle Emmanuel , “L'équatoire de Guillaume Gilliszoon de Wissekerke”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, iii (1961), fasc. 3, 223–251.

Poulle [6]*. Poulle Emmanuel , Un constructeur d'instruments astronomiques au XV^e siècle, Jean Fusoris (Paris, 1962).

Poulle & Maddison. Poulle Emmanuel Maddison Francis , “Un équatoire de Fransicus Sarzosius”, Physis. Revista di storia della scienza, v (1963), fasc. 1, 43–64.

Prague exhibition guide. Národní Technické Muzeum. Průvodce po expozici, Astronomie slouží životu (Prague, 1961).

Price [1]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “The early observatory instruments of Trinity College, Cambridge”, Annals of science, viii, no. 1 (March 1952) 1–12.

Price [2]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “A collection of armillary spheres and other antique scientific instruments”, Annals of science, x, no. 2 (June, 1954) 172–87.

Price [3]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “An international checklist of astrolabes”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, nos. 32 and 33 (1955) 243–263 and 363–381.

Price [4]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “Some early English instrument makers”, Endeavour, xiv, no. 54 (April 1955) 90–4.

Price [5]*. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , (ed.), The Equatorie of the Planetis. Edited from Peterhouse MS. 75 I … With a linguistic analysis by R. M. Wilson … (Cambridge, 1955).

Price [6]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “Two mariner's astrolabes”, Journal of the Institute of Navigation, ix, no. 3 (July 1956) 338–44.

Price [7]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “Fake antique scientific instruments”, Actes du VIII^e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences, Florence 3–9 September 1956 (Florence, 1957) 380–99.

Price [8]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “Precision instruments to 1500”, A history of technology (ed. by Singer Charles Holmyard E. J. Hall A. R. Williams Trevor I. ), iii (Oxford, 1957) 582–619.

Price [9]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “The manufacture of scientific instruments from c. 1500 to c. 1700”, op. cit., 620–47.

Price [10]*. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “On the origin of clockwork, perpetual motion devices and the compass”, Contributions from the Museum of History and Technology (United States National Museum (Smithsonian Institution). Bulletin 218) (Washington, 1959) 81–112.

Price [11]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “The first scientific instrument of the Renaissance”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, i (1959), fasc. 1, 26–30.

Price [12]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “An ancient Greek computer”, Scientific American (June 1959) 60–7.

Price [13]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , “The little ship of Venice—a middle English instrument tract”, Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, xv, no. 4 (Oct. 1960) 399–407.

Price [14]. [de Solla] Price Derek J. , Science since Babylon (New Haven, Conn., 1961).

Procter.* Procter E. S. , “The scientific works of the court of Alfonso X of Castille: The king and his collaborators”, The modern language review, xl, no. 1 (Jan. 1945) 12–29.

Prophatius. Tibbon Don Profeit Judaeus Prophatius , Tractat de l'assafea d'Azarquiel (ed. and trans. by Millàs i Vallicrosa J. ) (Universitat de Barcelona. Facultat de Filosofia i Lletres. Biblioteca hebraico-catalana, iv) (Barcelona, 1933).

Przypkowski [1]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Les instruments astronomiques de Nicolas Copernic et l'édition d'Amsterdam (1617) de ‘De Revolutionibus’”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 6^e annee, nos. 23–24 (Apr.-Sept. 1953) 220–6.

Przypkowski [2]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “La gnonomique de Nicolas Copernic et de Georges Joachim Rheticus”, Actes du VIII^e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences, Florence 3–9 September 1956 (Florence, 1957) 400–9.

Przypkowski [3]*. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Deklinacja magnetyczna Warszawy z roku 1737 i problem wiarygodności przekazów deklinacju magnetyzcnej z zabytkowych zegarów słonecznych”, Przeglad Geofizyczny (1958), fasc. 1, 33–40 (with English summary).

Przypkowski [4]*. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Zabytkowe kompasy magnetyczne na instrumentarium astronomicznym Marcina Bylicy z Olkusza z lat 1480–1487”, Acta geophisica polonica (1956).

Przypkowski [5]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Genèse du montage parallactique de la lunette”, Actes du IX^e Congrès international d'Histoire des Sciences, Barcelona-Madrid 1959 (Barcelona, 1960) 567–73.

Przypkowski [6]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Astronomiczne zabytki Olsztyna”, Muzeum Mazurskie w Olsztynie. Rocznik olsztyński, ii (Olsztyn, 1959) 135–72 (with Russian and English summaries).

Przypkowski [7]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Astronomia w Kaliszu”, Osiemnaście wieków Kalisza (Poznań, 1960) 157–206 (with English and Russian summaries, pp. 371–2 and 385–6).

Przypkowski [8]*. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Astronomiczna geneza aparatu projekcyjnego”, Kwartalnik historii nauki i techniki, vi, no. 2 (1961) 225–55 (with Russian and English summaries).

Przypkowski [9]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Les premières cartes modernes du ciel”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 14^e année, nos. 56–7 (July–Dec. 1961) 305–13.

Przypkowski [10]. Przypkowski Tadeusz , “Organisation des travaux sur l'inventaire des appareils scientifiques d'intérêt historique en Pologne”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 15^e annee, nos. 58–59 (Jan.—June 1962) 146–9.

Pulido. Rubio José Pulido , El piloto mayor de la Casa de la Contratación de Sevilla. Pilotos mayores, catedráticos de cosmografía y cosmógrafos (Publicaciones de la Escuela de Estudios hispano-americanos de Sevilla, lvi, serie 2^a, no. 19) (Seville, 1950).

Ræder & Strömgren. Ræder Hans Strömgren Elis Strömgren Bengt (trans. and eds.), Tycho Brahe's description of his instruments and scientific work as given in Astronomiae instauratae mechanica (Wandesburgi 1598) (Det Kongelige Danske Videnskaberne (Copenhagen, 1946).

Reich & Wiet. Reich S. Wiet G. , “Un astrolabe syrien du XIV^e siècle”, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Archéologie orientale du Caire, xxxviii (1939) 195–202.

Renaud. Renaud H. J. P. , “Additions et corrections à Suter ‘Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber’” Isis, xviii (1932) 166–183.

Repsold. Repsold J. A. , Zur Geschichte der astronomischen Messwerkzeuge von Purbach bis Reichenbach, 1450–1830 (Leipzig, 1908).

Rice*. Rice Howard C. Jr. , The Rittenhouse orrery. Princeton's eighteenth-century planetarium, 1767·1954. A commentary on an exhibition held in the Princeton University Library (Princeton, N.J., 1954).

Riekher*. Riekher Rolf , Fernrohre und ihre Meister. Eine Entwicklungsgeschichte der Fernrohrtechnik (Berlin, 1957).

Righini. Righini G. , “La tradizione astronomica fiorentina e l'Osservatoria di Arcetri”, Physis. Rivista di storia della scienza, iv (1962), fasc. 2, 133–50.

Robertson*. Robertson J. Drummond , The evolution of clockwork with a special section on the clocks of Japan … together with a comprehensive bibliography of horology … (London, 1931).

Rohde. Rohde Alfred , Die Geschichte der wissenschaftlichen Instrumente vom Beginn der Renaissance bis zum Ausgang des 18. Jahrhunderts (Monographien des Kunstgewerbes, xvi) (Leipzig, 1923).

Rooseboom. Rooseboom Maria , Bijdrage tot de geschiedenis der instrumentmakerskunst in de noordelijke Nederlanden tot omstreeks 1840 (Mededeling no. 74 uit het Rijksmuseum voor de Geschiedenis der Natuurwetenschappen te Leiden) (Leyden, 1950).

Rosen*. Rosen Edward , The naming of the telescope (New York, 1947).

Rosenthal. Rosenthal Franz , “Al-Asṭurlâbî and as-Samaw'al on scientific progress,” Osiris, ix (1950) 555–64.

Roussel catalogue. Catalogue des objets d'art, … instruments de mathématiques … composant la collection de feu M. Roussel dont la vente aura lieu à Paris, Hôtel Drouot … les lundi 13, mardi 14, mercredi 15 mars 1911 … (Paris, 1911).

Rufus [1]. Rufus W. Carl , “The celestial planisphere of King Yi Tai-jo”, Transactions of the Korean Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, iv (1913) 23–02.

Rufus [2]. Rufus W. Carl , “Astronomy in Korea”, idem, xxvi (1936) 1–52.

Ryckmans & Moreau. Ryckmans G. Moreau Fernand , “Un gnomon arabe du XIV^e siècle”, Muséon, xxxix (1926) 33–40.

Sánchez [1]*. Pérez José A. Sánchez , Biografías de matemáticos árabes que florecieron en España (Madrid, 1921).

Sánchez [2]*. Pérez José A. Sánchez , Alfonso X, el sabio, 2nd ed. (repr. Madrid, 1944).

Sarton*. Sarton George , Introduction to the history of science, 3 vols. (Baltimore, 1927–1947).

Sayili*. Sayılı Aydın , The observatory in Islam (Publications of the Turkish Historical Society, series VII, no. 38), (Ankara, 1960).

Schmalzl. Schmalzl Peter , Zur Geschichte der Quadranten bei den Arabern (Munich, 1929).

Schmidt*. Schmidt Fritz , Geschichte der geodätischen Instrumente und Verfahren im Altertum und Mittelalter (Veröffentlichungen der Pfälzischen Gesellschaft zur Förderung der Wissenschaften, xxiv), (Neustadt an der Haardt, 1935).

Schoy. Schoy Karl , Gnomonik der Araber ( von Basserman-Jordan Ernst (ed.), Die Geschichte der Zeitmessung und die Uhren, i, Lieferung F) (Berlin and Leipzig, 1923).

Schramm. Schramm Matthias , Ibn al-Haythams Weg zur Physik (Boethius. Texte und Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der exakten Wissenschaften, i) (Wiesbaden, 1963).

Schroeder. Schroeder W. , Practical astronomy (London, 1956).

Schück*. Schück A. , Der Compass (Hamburg, 1911–18).

Sédillot [1]. Sédillot J.-J. (trans.) and Sédillot L.-Am. (ed.), Traité des instruments astronomiques des arabes composé au treizième siècle par Aboul Hhassan Ali, de Maroc … traduit de l'arabe sur le manuscrit 1147 de la Bibliothèque royale (Paris, 1834).

Sédillot [2]. Sédillot L. Am. , Mémoire sur les instruments astronomiques arabes (Paris, 1841).

Seeman [1]. Seeman Hugo , Das kugelförmige Astrolab nach den Mitteilungen von Alfons X. von Kastilien und der vorhandenen arabischen Quellen (Abhandlungen zur Geschichte der Naturwissenschaften und der Medizin, viii) (Erlangen, 1925).

Seeman [2]. Seeman Hugo , “Die Instrumente der Sternwarte zu Marâghanach dem Mitteilungen von al 'Urdî”, Sitzungsberichte der Physikalisch-Medizinischen Sozietät zu Erlangen, lx (1928) 15–126.

Sherwood Taylor. Taylor F. Sherwood , A brief guide to the Museum of the History of Science, Oxford (Oxford, 1949).

Siddiqi. Siddiqi Abdus Sattar , “Construction of clocks and Islamic civilization”, Islamic culture, i, no. 2 (Apr. 1927) 245–51. (Incomplete; the remainder was apparently never published.)

Singer, Price & Taylor. Singer Charles Price Derek J. Taylor E. G. R. , “Cartography, survey, and navigation to 1400”, A History of technology (ed. by Singer Charles Holmyard E. J. Hall A. R. Williams Trevor I. ), iii Oxford, 1957) 501–29.

Sloley. Sloley R. W. , “Primitive methods of measuring time with special reference to Egypt”, The journal of Egyptian archaeology, xvii, parts III and IV (1931) 167–78.

Slouka. Slouka Hubert (ed.), Astronomie v Československu od dob nejstarších do do dneška (Věda a život, xi) Prague, 1952.

Soonawala. Soonawala M. F. , Maharaja Sawai Jai Singh II of Jaipur and his observatories (Jaipur, n.d.). (Not seen by the present writer; cited by Stone.)

Sottas. Sottas Jules , “Description d'un astrolabe arabe construit à Lahore”, Académie de Marine [Paris]. Communications et mémoires, ix (1930) 153–85.

Stebbins [1]. Stebbins Frederick A. , “A Roman sun-dial”. The journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, lii, no. 6 (Dec. 1958) 250–4.

Stebbins [2]. Stebbins Frederick A. , “A medieval portable sun-dial”, idem., lv, no. 2 (Apr. 1961) 49–56.

Stevenson*. Stevenson Edward Luther , Terrestrial and celestial globes. Their history and construction including a consideration of their value as aids in the study of geography and astronomy, 2 vols. (New Haven, Conn., and London, 1921).

Stone. Stone A. P. , “Astronomical instruments at Calcutta, Delhi and Jaipur”, Archives internationales d'histoire des sciences, 11^e année, no 43 (Apr.–June 1958) 159–62.

Storey*. Storey C. A. , Persian literature. A bio-bibliographical survey, ii, part 1 “… Astronomy and Astrology … [etc.]” (London, 1958).

Strozzi catalogue. Catalogue des objets d'art et de haute curiosite del l'antiquite, du moyen âge et de la renaissance comprenant e.a. … les instruments de matématiques de la famille Strozzi … La vente aura lieu à Amsterdam les 28–30 november 1911 … Direction Frederik Muller & Cie (Amsterdam, [1911]).

Sulaymân [1]. Nadvî Sulaymân , “Some Indian astrolabe makers”, Islamic culture, ix, no. 4 (Oct. 1935) 621–31.

Sulaymân [2]. Nadvî Sulaymân , “Indian astrolabe-makers”, idem., xi, no. 4 (Oct. 1937) 537–9.

Surveyors' exhibition catalogue. The Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors … Five centuries of maps and map-making. An exhibition at 12 Great George Street, Westminster, S. W. 1, 1953 (Westminster, 1953).

Suter*. Suter Heinrich , Die Mathematiker und Astronomen der Araber und ihre Werke (Abhandhungen zur Geschichte der mathematischen Wissenschaften mit Einschluss ihrer Anwendungen, x) (Leipzig, 1900).

Tardy*. Tardy Heinrich Suter , Bibliographie générale de la mesure du temps (Paris [1943]).

Taylor [1]*. Taylor E. G. R. , The mathematical practitioners of Tudor & Stuart England (Cambridge, 1954).

Taylor [2]. Taylor E. G. R. , The haven-finding art. A history of navigation from Odysseus to Captain Cook (London, 1956).

Taylor [3]. Taylor E. G. R. , Mathematics and the navigator in the thirteenth century (Reprint [from the Journal of the Institute of Navigation, xiii, no. 1 (Jan. 1960) 1–12] of the first of the Duke of Edinburgh's Lectures, delivered to the Institute of Navigation on 23 October, 1959, presented to the International Congress of the History of the Discoveries, Lisbon, 1960) (London, 1960).

Taylor & Richey. Taylor E. G. R. Richey M. W. , The geometrical seaman. A book of early nautical instruments (London, 1962).

Taylor, Wilson & Maxwell. Taylor E. Wilfred Wilson J. Simms Maxwell P. D. Scott , At the sign of the orrery. The origins of the firm of Cooke, Troughton & Simms Ltd., 2nd ed. (York, 1960).

Texeira [1]*. da Mota A. Texeira , ‘A arte de navegar no Mediterrâneo nos séculos XIII–XVII e a criação da navegação astronómica no Atlântico e Îndico’, Anais do Clube militar naval, no. 79 (July–Sept. 1957). Also appeared in French in the same publication as Beaujouan & Poulle, q.v.

Teixeira [2]. da Mota A. Texeira , A evolução da ciencia nautica durante os séculos XV–XVI na cartografia portuguesa da época, (Junta de Investigações de Ultramar. Agrupamento de estudos de cartografia antiga, iii (Secção de Lisboa)) (Lisbon, 1961). (Reprinted from Memórias da Academia das Ciências de Lisboa—Classe de Letras, vii.)

Thom. Thom A. , “The megalithic unit of length”, The journal of the Royal Statistical Society, series A (General), cxxv, part 2 (1962) 243–51.

Thorndike. Thorndike Lynn , “Invention of the mechanical clock about 1271 a.d.”, Speculum, xvi (1941) 242–3.

Thorndike & Kibre. Thorndike Lynn Kibre Pearl , A catalogue of incipits of mediaeval scientific writings in Latin (The Medieval Academy of America. Publication no. 29) rev. ed. (London, 1963).

Treue*. Treue Wilhelm , Kulturgeschichte der Schraube von der Antike bis zum achtzehnten Jahrhundert (Munich, n.d. [1954 or 5]).

Tuge. Tuge Hideomi (ed.), Historical development of science and technology in Japan (Tokyo, 1961).

Tumanyan [1]. Tumanyan B. E. , “Armyanskaya astrolyabiya kontsa XVII veka”, Istoriko-astronomicheskie issledovaniya, v (Moscow, 1959) 232–48.

Tumanyan [2]. Tumanyan B. E. , “Lunnyĭ ukazatel'”, idem, vi (Moscow, 1960) 256–62.

Unbegaun. Unbegaun B. O. , “Le nom de la boussole en russe”, Slavistična revija, x (1957) 179–84.

Van Cittert. van Cittert P. H. , “Proportionaalpassers”, Nederlandsch tijdschrift voor natuurkunde, xiii (1947).

Van der Vyver*. van Vyver A. , “Les premières traductions latines de traités arabes sur l'astrolabe”, 1^er Congrès international de Géographie historique, Bruxelles 1931, ii “Mémoires” (Brussels, 1931).

Van Ortroy [1]*. van Ortroy Fernand , “Bibliographie de l'oeuvre de Pierre Apian”, Le bibliographe moderne. Courier international des archives et des bibliothèques, 5^e année (1901) 89–156, 284–333. (Also separately published, Besançon, 1902).

Van Ortroy [2]*. van Ortroy Fernand Bio-bibliographie de Gemma Frisius, fondateur de l'école belge de géographie, de son fils Corneille et de ses neveux les Arsenius (Académie royale de Belgique. Classe des lettres et des sciences morales et politiques. Mémoires, 2^e série, xi, fasc. 2) (Brussels, 1920).

Vivielle. van Ortroy Vivielle Fernand , “Les sabliers, horloges de mer”, Bulletin officiel du Yacht Club de France (numéro de Noël 1934).

Von Alberti*. v. Alberti Hans-Joachim , Mass und Gewicht. Geschichtliche und tabellarische Darstellungen von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart (Berlin, 1957).

Von Bertele. von Bertele H. , Globes and spheres (Lausanne, 1961).

Ward. Ward F. A. B. , Ministry of Education: Science Museum. Handbook of the collection illustrating time measurement, part I “Historical review”, 4th ed. (London, 1958); part II “Descriptive catalogue”, 3rd ed. (London, 1955).

Waters [1]. Waters D. W. , “Early time and distance measurement at sea”, Journal of the history of navigation, viii, no. 2 (April 1955) 153–73.

Waters [2]*. Waters D. W. , The art of navigation in England in Elizabethan and early Stuart times (London, 1958).

Weinek. Weinek L. , Die tychonischen Instrumente auf der Prager Sternwarte (Prague, 1901).

Wellesz. Wellesz Emmy , “An early al-Ṣûfî manuscript in the Bodleian Library in Oxford. A study in Islamic constellation images”, Ars orientalis, iii (1959).

Whipple. Whipple Robert S. , “Some scientific instrument makers of the eighteenth century”, Journal of scientific instruments, vii, nos. 8 and 9 (Aug. and Sept. 1930), and Nature, cxxvi, nos. 3172 and 3173 (16 and 23 Aug. 1930) 244–6, 283–6.

Whipple collection. Anon., “The Whipple Collection of instruments and books”, Engineering (10 Nov. 1944, 2 and 23 Mar. 1945).

White*. White Lynn Jr. , Medieval technology and social change (Oxford, 1962).

Wiedemann [1]. Wiedemann Eilhard , “Zur Geschichte des Kompasses bei den Arabern”, Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellschaft, IX. Jahrgang, no. 24 (1908) 764–73.

Wiedemann [2]. Wiedemann Eilhard , “Ein Instrument das die Bewegung von Sonne und Mond darstellt, nach al Biruni”, Der Islam, iv (1913) 5–13.

Wiedemann [3]. Wiedemann Eilhard , “Avicennas Schrift über ein von ihm ersonnenes Beobachtungsinstrument”, Acta orientalia, v (1926–7) 81–167.

Wiedemann & Hauser*. Wiedemann Eilhard Hauser F. , “Über die Uhren im Bereich der islamischen Kultur”, Nova acta. Abhandlungen der Königliche Leopoldinisch-Carolinische Deutsche Akademie der Naturforscher zu Halle, c, no. 5 (1915).

Wiet. Wiet Gaston , “Une famille de fabricants d'astrolabes”, Bulletin de l'Institut français d'Archéologie orientale (Cairo), xxxvi (1936) 177–178.

Winter. Winter Heinrich , “New light on the Behaim problem”, Congresso international de História dos Descobrimentos [Lisboa, 5 a 12 de Setembro de 1960]. Actas, ii (Lisbon, 1961) 399–410.

Wolf [1]. Wolf A. , A history of science, technology and philosophy in the 16th and 17th centuries, 2nd ed. rev. by McKie Douglas (London, 1950).

Wolf [2]. Wolf A. , A history of science, technology and philosophy in the 18th century, 2nd ed. rev. by McKie Douglas (London, 1952).

Worrell. Worrell W. H. , “Qusta ibn Luqa on the use of the celestial globe”, Isis, xxxv (1944) 285–93.

Wunderlich. Wunderlich H. , Das Dresdner “Quadratum geometricum” aus den Jahre 1569 von Christoph Schissler d. Ä., Augsburg, mit einem Anhang: Schisslers Oxforder und Florentiner “Quadratum geometricum” von 1579/1599 (Veröffenlichungen des Staatlichen Mathematisch–Physikalischen Salons … Dresden …, i) (Berlin, 1960).

Zinner [1]. Zinner Ernst , Verzeichnis der astronomischen Handschriften des deutschen Kulturgebietes (Munich, 1925).

Zinner [2]. Zinner Ernst , Leben und Wirken des Johannes Müller von Königsberg [Regiomontanus (Munich, 1938).

Zinner [3]*. Zinner Ernst , Die ältesten Räderuhren und modernen Sonnenuhren. Forschungen über den Ursprung der modernen Wissenschaft (28. Bericht der Naturforschenden Gesellschaft, Bamberg) (Bamberg, 1939).

Zinner [4]*. Zinner Ernst , Geschichte und Bibliographie der astronomischen Literatur in Deutschland zur Zeit Renaissance (Leipzig, 1941).

Zinner [5]*. Zinner Ernst , Deutsche und niederländische astronomischen Instrumente des 11–18. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 1956).

Zinner [6]. Zinner Ernst , Article on scientific instruments in Kaysers Kunst- und Antiquitätenbuch, ii (Heidelberg, 1959) 39–88. (Not seen by the present writer.)

Žába*. Žába Zbyněk , L'orientation astronomique dans l'ancienne Egypte, et la précession de l'axe du monde (Československá Akademie Věd. Archiv Orientální Supplementa ii) (Prague, 1953).