An Interim Report on a Census of Galileo's Sunspot Letters

Galilei Galileo Scheiner Christoph , On sunspots, translated with an introduction by Reeves Eileen Van Helden Albert (Chicago, 2010); see also Dame Bernard , “Galilée et les taches solaires (1610–1613)”, Revue d'histoire des sciences et de leurs applications, xix (1966), 1966–70, and Van Helden Albert , “Galileo and Scheiner on sunspots: A case study in the visual language of astronomy”, Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, cxl (1996), 1996–96. I am grateful to Owen Gingerich, Eileen Reeves, Robert Westman, Paul S. Needham and Nick Wilding for comments on drafts of this article. A grant from the William A. Freistat chair and a Presidential Fellowship at Augustana College partially funded the research with which my student assistants Helen Reinold and Rebecca Hopman assisted.

Biagioli Mario , Galileo's instruments of credit: Telescopes, images, secrecy (Chicago, 2006), and Bredekamp Horst , Galilei der Künstler: Der Mond, die Sonne, die Hand (Berlin, 2007).

Mayer Thomas F. , “The censoring of Galileo's Sunspot Letters and the first phase of his trial”, Studies in history and philosophy of science, part A, xlii (2011), 1–10, Mayer Thomas F. , “The Roman inquisition's precept to Galileo (1616)”, The British journal for the history of science, xliii (2010), 2010–51, and Pagano Sergio , “Il precetto del cardinale Bellarmino a Galileo: Un ‘falso?’ con una parentesi sul radio, madame Curie e i documenti galileiani”, Galilæana, vii (2010), 2010–203. See also Redondi Pietro , “Fede lincea e teologia tridentina”, Galilæana, i (2004), 117–41.

The best evidence against this possibility is the notation on 1.31 of its purchase from Rome in 1638.

Gingerich Owen , An annotated census of Copernicus's De revolutionibus (Nuremberg, 1543 and Basel, 1566) (Leiden, 2002), passim, conveniently summarized in appendices 1 and 2 of Gingerich Owen , The book nobody read: Chasing the revolutions of Nicolaus Copernicus (New York, 2004); and Westman Robert S. , “The reception of Galileo's ‘Dialogue’: A partial world census of extant copies”, in Galluzzi Paolo (ed.), Novità celesti e crisi del sapere (Florence, 1984), 329–70.

Shelfmark L.5.9(3) Gall (Jesus), 664 F 22:[3] (Leiden) and A.V. Caps.143.21 (Bologna, according to http://www.hstl.crhst.cnrs.fr/bibliorome/rechnotices.php?id=587 accessed 18 October 2010; not found either in BOSCIENTIA or the Catalogo storico posted on the Internet culturale site of the Ministero per i beni culturali). I am grateful to Sarah Cobbold and Silvia Compaan-Vermetten and Jan Vellekoop for information about the first two volumes. Their existence suggests that Scheiner's text may have had a circulation independent of Galileo's three letters.

Favaro Antonio , “Sulla stampa delle macchie solari”, in Rossetti Lucia Soppelsa Maria Laura (eds), Scampoli galileiani (Padua, 1992), 220–6, pp. 221–2, and Favaro Antonio (ed.), Le opere di Galileo Galilei (20 vols, Florence, 1933; reprint of 1890–1909 edn), xi, nos. 803 (conceding that he might print only 2000) and 845 (1000 with Scheiner, 2000 without).

Cesi—Galileo , Acquasparta, late 1614-early 1615. Favaro (ed.), Le opere (ref. 7), xii, no. 1067, second page missing.

Gingerich , Book nobody read (ref. 5), 126.

Subtracting the 1000 unsold copies and assuming the higher press run makes the aggregate rate 23%. There is no way to know to which version to allocate the unsold books.

Both these censuses underscore the validity of Gingerich's strictures (Gingerich, Book nobody read (ref. 5), 126) on OCLC and its successor the Worldcat. Numerous results in both cases turned out to be either modern facsimiles or ghosts. Worse, especially in the second case, the Worldcat returned no holding for many libraries although in fact they had a copy or copies found through their online catalogues, including the Houghton at Harvard which has three. In fairness, most other online union catalogues suffer from similar problems.

Galileo—Cosimo II , Padua, 12 March 1610. Favaro (ed.), Le opere (ref. 7), iii, 55–7.

Westman , “Dialogue” (ref. 5), 332.

The title of chap. 8 of Gingerich , Book nobody read (ref. 5).

Ibid., 128. The discussion in Census, XIV (ref. 5) does not give a percentage.

Census, passim, discussion in Introduction, XVI—XXIII and Book nobody read, passim.

Catalogue de livres rares et précieux composant la bibliothèque de feu M. l'abbé Jean-Baptiste Chevalier de Bearzi (Paris, 1855), no. 1349 (avec un grand nombre de notes mss. de l'époque attribuées à Galilei). This may also be the book mentioned immediately bel. (1.11).

It is possibile that the annotations are forgeries, given Guglielmo Libri's sometime ownership of it. See bel.

Favaro , “Sulla stampa” (ref. 7), 225.

For the value of provenance, see Mandelbrote Giles , “Scientific books and their owners: A survey to c. 1720”, in Hunter Andrew (ed.), Thornton and Tully's scientific books, libraries, and collectors: A study of bibliography and the book trade in relation to the history of science, 4th edn (Brookfield, VT, 2000), 333–66, p. 351.

Ruju P. Alessandra Maccioni Mostert Marco , The life and times of Guglielmo Libri (1802–1869), scientist, patriot, scholar, journalist and thief: A nineteenth-century story (Hilversum, 1995), Del Centina Andrea Fiocca A. Adini Giunia Tanganelli Maria Luisa , L'archivio di Guglielmo Libri dalla sua dispersione ai fondi della Biblioteca Moreniana (Olschki, 2004), and Willi Staudacher, “Guglielmo Libri: Die Geshichte eines Bibliothekdiebes”, Libri, ii (1952), 55–87.

For Farinacci, see Del Re Niccolò , “Prospero Farinacci giureconsulto romano (1544–1618)”, Archivio della Società Romana di Storia Patria, xcviii (1975), 135–220.

Gingerich Owen , “Rara astronomica”, Harvard Library bulletin, xix (1971), 117–39, p. 117.

Mandelbrote , “Scientific books” (ref. 20), 338.

Del Prete Antonella , “Tra Galileo e Descartes: L'esegesi biblica filocopernicana di Christoph Wittich”, in Montesinos José Santos Carlos Solís (eds), Largo campo di filosofare: Eurosymposium Galileo 2001 (La Orotava, Spain, 2001), 719–27, p. 725.

Copeland Ralph , (ed.), Catalogue of the Crawford Library of the Royal Observatory Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1890), 195–6.

Catalogo della insigne biblioteca appartenuta alla chiara memoria del Principe D. Baldassarre Boncompagni, i: Matematica—Scienze naturali ecc. ecc. (Rome, 1895; prob. all published), nos. 1504–21, pp. 157–9. The catalogue runs to 511 pages.

Horblit Harrison , One hundred books famous in the history of science (New York, 1964), 3, quoted in Judith A. Overmier, “Table d'hôte and à la carte: Collecting rare science books”, Collection development, xii (1990), 1990–24, p. 114. Horblit's assertion may have been meant to apply to the US market.

This interpretation may descend from Stillman Drake, although I have not found it in any of his published work. See a letter from him [of 10 February 1970, now in the Drake Papers, Fisher Rare Book Library, University of Toronto] quoted by the bookseller Joseph Rubinstein in his Catalogue 5 (San Francisco, 1970), item 175, p. 50n, requoted in the Zürich bookseller Jorg Schäfer's Catalogue 4 (1972), 42, enclosed in 2.22 bel. “[T]he issue, wrongly called ‘first’ by dealers … in reality should be called the ‘export’–issue. Both issues were printed at the same time, 700 [sic] copies of each, and the reason for differences in the title page, contents and license was simpli [sic, a typographical error, since Drake spelled the word correctly] that it was illegal to sell the Apelles letters where the German copyright [sic] was valid”.

Himmelbeobachtung mit dem Fernrohr in der Frühen Neuzeit, ed. by Keil Inge Gier Helmut , 18. http://www.augsburg.de/fileadmin/www/dat/08sc/staatsbib/Himmelsbeobachtung.pdf accessed 22 January 2010.

Mayer , “Censoring” (ref. 3).

Favaro , (ed.), Le opere (ref. 7), xi, no. 845.

http://permalink.obvsg.at/AC05768976 accessed 28 September 2010.

Duerbeck Hilmar W. , review of Kerschbaum Franz Posch Thomas (eds), Der historische Buchbestand der Universitätssternwarte Wien: Ein illustrierter Katalog, i: 15. bis 17. Jahrhundert (Frankfurt am Main, 2005), in electronic Journal of astronomical data, xi/4 (2005) at http://www.vub.ac.be/STER/JAD/JAD11/jad11.htm accessed 28 September 2010.

(1) Fellow of Magdalen College, Oxford (1638–1710), in charge of Cottonian library for 12 years, book collector, MSS in Bodleian ( Stephen Leslie Lee Sydney (eds), Dictionary of national biography (63 vols, Oxford, 1885–1900), liii, 131–3); (2) Bishop of Carlisle (1615–1702), gave library to its cathedral (http://www.bibsocamer.org/BibSite/Pearson/Pearson.pdf accessed 21 July 2010).

http://www.lib.cam.ac.uk/deptserv/rarebooks/royallibrary.html accessed 26 July 2010.

Ringrose Jayne , “The Royal Library: John Moore and his books”, in Fox Peter (ed.), Cambridge University Library: The great collections (Cambridge, 1998), 78–90, pp. 80, 84, 86, 87.

Bruni Roberto L. Evans D. Wyn , Italian 17th-century books in Cambridge libraries: A short-title catalogue (Florence, 1997), 589.

http://collan—newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=661&recCount=25&recPointer=1&bibId=662406 accessed 25 May 2010.

http://archives.li.man.ac.uk/ead/search?operation=summary&rsid=1728&firstrec=1&numreq=20&highlight=1&hitposition=6 accessed 10 August 2010. I owe confirmation of the reference to Glyn Redworth. For Spencer's life see ODNB, li, 825–32.

Kerney Michael , “Charles Spencer, third Earl of Sunderland 1675–1722” in Quaritch Bernard Burbidge Edward , Contributions towards a dictionary of English book-collectors (London, 1892–1921, 14 parts in 1 vol.), ii, [49]–[55] (each entry separately paginated), pp. [50]–[51].

de Ricci Seymour , English collectors of books and manuscripts, 1530–1930, and their marks of ownership (Cambridge, 1930), 38–9; catalogue printed in only fifty copies.

Kerney , “Spencer” (ref. 41), and Edwards Edward , Libraries and the founders of libraries (London, 1864), 390. Quaritch's copy of the sale catalogue is in the firm's archives. http://www.quaritch.com/resources/archive.asp accessed 27 July 2010.

http://collan—newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?searchId=661&recCount=25&recPointer=2&bibId=662403.

Catalogue of valuable printed books, and illuminated and other manuscripts …: The property of Sir R. Waldie Griffith … James A. Henryson Caird … the Earl of Strathmore (Sotheby's, London, 1922); prob. James Alexander Henryson Caird, born 1847, son of Sir James Caird, KCB, of Cassencary, succeeded 1892, assumed Henryson name 1897 (The Glenalmond register: A record of all those who have entered Trinity College, Glenalmond, 1847–1929 [n. p., 1929]), 30; † 1921 (Who was who [1960], 208).

The King's catalogue entry incorrectly transcribes “Hempsons”.

Founded 1881 in Newcastle-upon-Tyne, moved to 16 and 17 Pall Mall, London, bought Sir Thomas Phillips's collection in 1946, closed 1956 when all records destroyed. http://www.thefreelibrary.com/William+H.+Robinson,+booksellers+and+the+Public+Library+of+Victoria.–a0180218239 accessed 27 July 2010.

http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/gallery/whistler/donors.html accessed 20 July 2010 and ODNB, 54, 443–5.

Must postdate c. 1834 when Pembroke Hall became Pembroke College. Ex inform. Miss Ringrose, honorary archivist, via Patricia Aske.

Pearson David , Provenance research in book history: A handbook (London and New Castle, DE, 1998), 193. My thanks to Patricia Aske for a description of the volume.

Lewis John L. , 125 Years: The Physical Society and the Institute of Physics (London, 1999), esp. pp. 201–2.

Apparently Anton Giuseppe Molinelli, holder of playing-card concession in Florence c. 1725. http://www.christies.com/LotFinder/lot_details.aspx?intObjectID=4740298 accessed 28 July 2010.

“Presents received during the session 1854–55”, Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, xv (1855), 196. Walter Calverley Trevelyan (1797–1879, 6th baronet, had a “large collection for natural history and ethnology” at his seat at Wallington, Northumberland. ODNB, lv, 345–6.

Hingley Peter D. , “The Royal Astronomical Society's library and archives”, Electronic newsletter for the history of astronomy, 11 December 1998, Item 1.

http://catalogue.ulrls.lon.ac.uk/search/t?SEARCH=Istoria+e+Dimostrazioni.

For this famous library see Merolle Irma , L'abate Matteo Luigi Canonici e la sua biblioteca: I manoscritti Canonici e Canonici-Soranzo delle biblioteche fiorentine (Rome and Florence, 1958), especially p. vii for the catalogue of it by Francesco Melchiori in the Biblioteca Marciana, Venice, MSS Ital. cl. X, 137 (6568), 138 (6569) and 139 (6570). Of its c. 5000 books, only about 2000 are now known (p. v). See also Rossi Vittorio , Scritti di critica letteraria: Dal Rinascimento al Risorgimento (Florence, n. d.), 251–67. A good proportion of the library's MSS at least ended up in England, especially in the Bodleian and also in the Phillips collection. W. D. Macray, Annals of the Bodleian Library, 2nd edn (Oxford, 1890), 299–301, and The Phillipps manuscripts. Catalogum librorum manuscriptorum in Bibliotheca D. Thomae Phillipps, Bt. impressum typis Medio-Montanis 1837–1871, with an introduction by A. N. L. Munby (London, 1968), 11–12 (nos. 884–1035) and 33* (2878–81).

See also http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/demorgan.shtml accessed 23 June 2010.

http://www—history.mcs.st—andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/De_Morgan.html and http://www.ull.ac.uk/specialcollections/projects/demorganproject.shtml both accessed 10 August 2010.

Catalogue of the mathematical, historical, bibliographical, and miscellaneous portion of the celebrated library of M. Guglielmo Libri, i, A–L, p. 331.

Rubinstein Joseph Francisco San , Catalog 5: Astronomy, ballistics, mathematics, space travel, 50–3, including illustrations of two annotated pages and an exchange of letters of 4 and 10 February 1970 in the Drake papers, Fisher Rare Book Library at the University of Toronto. The identification of three hands, rather than one as Libri thought, is probably correct. Drake's transcriptions were sent to Rubinstein and have disappeared. My thanks to Richard Landon and Philip Oldfield, who kindly sent copies of the Drake—Rubinstein correspondence.

http://spencer.lib.ku.edu/exhibits/25th/special_collections.html exhibit at Spencer Library, Kansas University. See also Dickinson Donald C. , Dictionary of American antiquarian bookdealers (Westport, CT, 1998), 189–90.

Other known catalogues: 1 (1964; OCLC 163728910); 3 (1967; OCLC 162948734 and 496394816), Europe 1500–1700 (1967; OCLC 226961466); 4 (1968; OCLC 162948740); 6, Art, art history, architecture (1971; OCLC 162948751 and 226961465); 7, Italy 1500–1700 (1973; not in OCLC, for sale Librairie Frits Knuf, Vendôme); Zoology, botany, medicine: Embellished with several essays in entrepreneurial bibliography (OCLC 42817878); and http://derepalaeographica.comunicacionesgraficas.com/recursos/11-manuscritos-digitalizados/79-catalonian-manuscripts-1031-1555-university-of-california-berkeley-usa accessed 11 August 2010. Dickinson , Bookdealers (ref. 61), 189 gives a total of seven.

I am grateful to Marcia Hall for information about these newsletters and itineraries.

Matterlin O. , Catalogue bibliographique des ventes publiques … 1976–1977 et 1977–1978 (Paris, 1979), 287.

Article by Jackson H. J. in The guardian, 14 April 2001. http://www.guardian.co.uk/books/2001/apr/14/referenceandlanguages.artsandhumanities accessed 7 June 2010.

My thanks to Ed Potten for examining this copy and for much other assistance.

Duff E. G. , (ed.), Catalogue of the printed books and manuscripts in the John Rylands Library, Manchester (3 vols, Manchester, 1899), ii, 717.

Bloomfield B. C. with Potts Karen , (eds), A directory of rare book and special collections in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland, 2nd edn (London, 1997), 513. For Savile , see ODNB, xlix, 109–18, especially pp. 117–18 on his lectureships, and Goulding Robert , “Henry Savile and the Tychonic world system”, Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes, lviii (1995), 152–79.

Craster Edmund , History of the Bodleian Library 1845–1945 (Oxford, 1981), 183–4, and Gingerich , Census (ref. 5), 258.

http://library.ox.ac.uk/WebZ/BookMark?sessionid=01-41225-1825504960:resultset=1:recno=2:numrecs=1:format=F:next=html/geacnffull.html accessed 29 July 2010.

Boase C. W. , Registrum Collegii exoniensis: Register of the Rectors, Fellows, and other members on the foundation of Exeter College, Oxford. With a history of the college and illustrative documents, Oxford Historical Society, xxvii (1894), 118; instituted 4 November 1670 vicar Westport cum Charlton et Brokenborow, Wilts.; in Liber Cleri 1698 (Wiltshire & Swindon Record Office, D1/51/1); † 6 November 1705 (W&SRO, D1/2/24) (Clergy of the Church of England Database, Person ID 7692 or 19546; the rest of the entry is unreliable); the entries in the NC Benefaction book identify him as vicar of Carlton, Wilts. and chaplain of the college. Charlton a chapel in Westport St Mary. Youngs Frederic A. (ed.), Guide to the local administrative units of England, i, Southern England (Royal Historical Society, Guides and Handbooks, x; London, 1979), 551.

I am very grateful to Naomi van Loo, librarian of New College, for sending me copies of the entries for Bestwick in the Benefaction book, pp. 145 and 150.

Scriba Christoph J. , “The autobiography of John Wallis, F.R.S.”, Notes and records of the Royal Society, xxv (1970), 17–46, p. 20, and Bell H. E. , “The Savilian professors' houses and Halley's observatory at Oxford”, ibid., xvi (1961), 1961–86, p. 180. I am also grateful to Jason Rampelt for advice on this point. His thesis, “Distinctions of reason and reasonable distinctions: The academic life of John Wallis (1616–1703)”, Ph.D. thesis, Cambridge, 2005, contains the best treatment of Wallis's teaching.

Thanks to Paul Hammer for trying to locate a copy among records filmed by the Mormons.

http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1/CHARSET=UTF-8/IMPLAND=Y/LNG=FR/SRT=YOP/TTL=1/COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E513300ee-1,I250,B341720009+,SY,A%5C9008+1,J,H2–26,29,34,39,44,49–50,53–78,80–87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.13.130.211,FN/SET=1/SHW?FRST=3 accessed 30 July 2010.

http://opac.bib—bvb.de:8080/InfoGuideClient.fasttestsis/start.do?Language=De&Query=–1=%22BV004253521%22 and http://astronomie—rara.ethbib.ethz.ch/demusmu/content/titleinfo/48976 accessed 6 June 2010.

Riccardi Pietro , Biblioteca matematica italiana dalla origine della stampa ai primi anni del secolo XIX (2 vols, Milan, 1952; reprint of 1873–93 edn), ii, c. 509; Brunet Jacques-Charles , Manuel du libraire et de l'amateur de livres: Contenant 1.o, Un nouveau dictionnaire bibliographique … 2.o, Une table en forme de catalogue raisonné, 5th edn (6 vols, Paris, 1860–64), ii, c. 1462; and Gamba Bartolommeo , Serie de' testi di lingua first published in Bassano in 1805 and often reissued; see especially the edition of Venice, 1839 in which Istoria is no. 473.

http://www.deutsches—museum.de/en/library/history/ accessed 29 July 2010.

http://opac.bib-bvb.de:8080/InfoGuideClient.fasttestsis/start.do?Language=De&Query=-1=%22BV004253521%22 accessed 12 June 2010, and information from Irene Friedl.

http://de.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=ADB:H%C3%B6rwarth_von_Hohenburg,_Hans_Georg_%28bayerischer_Staatsmann%29&oldid=1225510 accessed 17 January 2011, updated version of article in Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie, xiii (1881), 1881–75, and for his library Hacker Rupert (ed.), Beiträge zur Geschichte der Bayerischen Staatsbibliothek (Bayerische Staatsbibliothek Schriftenreihe, I; Munich , 2000), 55 and 61–7, and for De revolutionibus, Gingerich, Census (ref. 5), 192.

http://www.ub.uni-muenchen.de/ueber-uns/geschichte/die-landshuter-zeit-1800–1826/ accessed 24 April 2011.

http://sunny.biblio.etc.tu-bs.de:8080/DB=2/LNG=DU/CLK?IKT=12&TRM=184845947 accessed 30 July 2010 and information from Christian Heitzmann.

Grimes Brendan , “The library buildings up to 1970”, in Kinane Vincent Walsh Anne (eds), Essays on the history of Trinity College Library Dublin (Dublin, 2000), 72–90, p. 73.

Cains Anthony , “The Long Room survey of sixteenth- and seventeenth-century books of the first collections”, Ibid., 53–71, pp. 55–7.

Maxwell Jane , “A guide to the manuscript sources in TCD”, Ibid., 91–103.

http://brescia.unicatt.it/biblioteca/2584.html accessed 27 July 2010.

Pizzamiglio Pierluigi , (ed.), La Biblioteca di storia delle scienze fisico-matematiche “C. Viganò”: La Collezione di strumenti scientifico-professionali “A. Viganò” (Brescia, 2004), 5–15, and http://brescia.unicatt.it/bibliotecavigano/bibliotecavigano_2022.html accessed 29 July 2010.

I owe this information to Giorgio Caravale. The Domus Galileiana was established in 1941 and has a library of about 40,000 books. http://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domus_Galilaeana accessed 9 August 2010.

Vernier Marina , ” The libraries of the suppressed religious houses, Rome, 1876”, updated version (February 2008), “Appendix”, 10. http://www.cerl.org/web/en/resources/provenance/geographical accessed 5 May 2010. For the order in Galileo's day, see Liebreich Karen , Fallen order: Intrigue, heresy, and scandal in the Rome of Galileo and Caravaggio (New York, 2004). Although based on archival research, this book must be used with care.

?Giovanni Alfonso Borelli (1608–79).

I owe information about this copy and some of that about provenance to Tadeusz Sierotowicz.

Grzebień Ludwik , (ed.), Słownik jezuitów polskich 1564–1990 (12 vols, Crakow, 1993), ix, 99–100.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%B3zef_Andrzej_Za%C5%82uski accessed 20 December 2010.

Axon Guglielmo E. A. , “Biblioteche antiche e moderne”, part 36: “Biblioteche dell'Europa moderna”, Il Buonarotti, ser. 2, xi (August 1876), 241–5, p. 245. For the library, see also Witt Maria , “The strange life of one of the greatest European libraries of the eighteenth century: The Załuski Collection in Warsaw”, FYI France ejournal (ISSN 1071–5916), 15 September 2005, available online at http://www.fyifrance.com/f102005c.htm accessed 19 January 2011.

http://www.nukat.edu.pl/katalog/ accessed 31 July 2010.

I owe information about this copy and Brozek to Tadeusz Sierotowicz. For Brozek see also http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/web/sci_health/math/Brozek/Brozek.html accessed 27 March 2011.

See 2.5 bel.

All information in this entry (especially in quotation marks) comes from Jane Pirie, rare books cataloguer, Special Libraries and Archives, King's College, University of Aberdeen, via Michelle G. J. Gait. My best thanks to both for their help.

E—mail from Michelle B. J. Gait 23 June 2010 and ODNB, xx, 844–5.

This or next referred to in Brück H. A. , Story of astronomy in Edinburgh (Edinburgh, 1983), cited at http://www.roe.ac.uk/roe/library/crawford/index.html accessed 9 July 2010.

http://www.roe.ac.uk/roe/library/crawford/index.html accessed 23 July 2010. For a brief overview of the Crawford Library, see http://www.gslis.utexas.edu/∼landc/bookplates/18_3_Lindesiana.htm accessed 13 August 2010.

His Istoria was no. 3226 of Catalogue de la bibliothèque scientifique historique et litteraire de feu M. Michel Chasles … dont la vente … aura lieu du 27 Juin au 18 Juillet 1881 (Paris, 1881).

Supplement to the catalogue of the Crawford Library (Edinburgh, 1977), Introduction.

I owe this information to the unfailingly helpful Moira Mackenzie.

Shairp John Campbell Tait Peter Guthrie Adams-Reilly Anthony , Life and letters of James David Forbes, F.R.S., D.C.L., LL.D., late principal of the United College in the University of St. Andrews (London, 1873).

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Warnock accessed 14 August 2010.

http://catalog.huntington.org/search∼S0/?searchtype=c&searcharg=708720&SORT=D&extended=0&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=Ywaldemar+seidel%26SORT%3DD accessed 5 May 2010.

Perhaps see 1.29 bel.

For the correct version of Seidel's first name see Gingerich , Census (ref. 5), 336, which also gives the date of sale of his library. See obituary in Notices of the American Mathematical Society, xviii (1981), 439.

Huntington catalogue mistakenly describes it as second version. http://catalog.huntington.org/search∼S0/?searchtype=c&searcharg=83089&SORT=D&extended=1&SUBMIT=Search&searchlimits=&searchorigarg=c82089 accessed 3 July 2010.

My colleague Emil Kramer suggests that the fourth last character in the second word should be Σ; I am grateful to him for the translation.

Goodstein Judith R. , The Volterra chronicles: The life and times of an extraordinary mathematician 1860–1940 (History of Mathematics, xxxi; Providence, RI, and London, 2007). I am grateful to her for answering questions about these books.

http://catalog.huntington.org/search/c?SEARCH=701283 accessed 5 June 2010. Volterra books partly on loan to Burndy Library by Italian government and thence to Huntington which owns one-third. Ex inform. Daniel Lewis, Dibner Senior Curator of the History of Science and Technology.

Favaro , “Sulla stampa” (ref. 7). It is also mysterious why Favaro did not inspect the copies in Padua, where he was a professor for years.

http://catalog.huntington.org/search/c?SEARCH=701283 accessed 5 June 2010, no indication of source of lot number.

http://www.sil.si.edu/libraries/dibner/about.htm accessed 8 August 2010. For Dibner's collecting, partially based on Herbert M. Evan's first catalogue, see Overmier , “Rare science books” (ref. 28), 116–17.

Pogo Alexander , Catalog [sic] of books in the Rare Books room of the Millkan Memorial Library, California Institute of Technology Pasadena (typescript, 1974).

Cinti Dino , Biblioteca Galileiana raccolta dal principe Giampaolo Rocco di Torrepadula (Florence, 1957), no. 44; Cinti says nothing about how library assembled.

Legatoria Antica Snc Gozzi Toscanini V. , 241, 41122 Modena (http://modena.paginegialle.it/emilia_romagna/modena/legatoria.html accessed 5 August 2010).

Marcella Genz with a preface by Powell Lawrence Clark , Striking research gold: Distinguished collections in California independent academic libraries (n. p., 1988), 1, and Gingerich , Census (ref. 5), 302. According to a news item in Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, xi (1956), 449, the Rocco collection was bought in Florence.

E-mail from Charlotte E. Erwin, Head of Archives and Special Collections, Caltech Library Services, 9 August 2010.

Perhaps see 1.24 ab.

Andrews Clement W. , The John Crerar Library: A free public reference library of scientific literature (Chicago, 1905). The books from Boncompagni were bought at auction. Advertisement of auction to be held 18–29 April 1898 in Giornale della libreria, della tipografia e delle arti afini, xi (1898), 173, and a note summarizing a report from Andrews in Library journal, xxiv (1899), 268. The library did not include an Istoria (see ab. p. 170).

Waleson Anthea , Nature disclosed: Books from the collections of the John Crerar Library illustrating the history of science (Chicago, 1984).

My thanks to Bruce Stephenson and Jill Postma for many courtesies.

Illinois Society of Architects, Handbook for architects and builders (1908), 37, and Cornell alumni news, ii/10 (1899), 71.

Menke David H. , “Philip Fox and the Adler Planetarium”, Planetarian, xvi (1987) online at http://www.ips-planetarium.org/planetarian/articles/phillip_fox_adler.html accessed 27 February 2011.

My thanks to Jane Somera for arranging to see this book.

Discalced Augustinian friars, an order founded in Spain, active in Italy from 1593. Schwaiger Georg , Mönchtum, Orden, Klöster: Von den Anfängen bis zur Gegenwart. Ein Lexikon (Munich, 2003), 55–6. The house in Tortona was dedicated to both Santa Maria Assunta and San Bernardino. http://ghirardacci.it/italia/casa.asp?descr=TORTONA%20%28AL%29,%20S.%20Maria%20Assunta%20e%20S.%20Bernardino%20%28Scalzi%29&casa=/italia/piemonte/case/Provincia%20di%20Alessandria/al-tortona-scalzi accessed 28 February 2011. The church no longer exists. http://www.vivitortona.it/Sezione.jsp?titolo=Sanctuary+of+Madonna+della+Guardia&idSezione=869&lookfor=bernardino accessed 28 February 2011.

http://hollis.harvard.edu/?q=ex—Everything–1.0:%22istoria%22+author:%22galileo%22+.

A catalogue of the fifteenth-century printed books in the Harvard University Library (5 vols, Binghamton, NY, 1991), passim.

http://hollis.harvard.edu/?q=ex—Everything–1.0:%22istoria%22+author:%22galileo%22+.

http://research.frick.org/directoryweb/browserecord.php?–action=browse&–recid=7483 accessed 7 August 2010. For Hofer's collection, see Jackson William A. , “Contemporary collectors XXIV: Philip Hofer”, The book collector, ix (1960), 151–64 and 292–300, and for his biography William Bentinck-Smith, “Prince of the eye: Philip Hofer and the Harvard Library”, Harvard Library bulletin, xxxii (1984), 1984–37 (part 1, all published); cf. Dickinson Donald C. , Dictionary of American book collectors (New York and Westport, CT, 1986), 162–3.

Wilhelm Friedrich Ludendorff Hans (1873–1941), astronomer and astrophysicist, directed Potsdam observatory 1921–38. Obituary by Mönch W. in Astronomische Nachrichten, cclxxi (1941), col. 294.

I owe information about this copy to Hammond Wayne G. , assistant librarian of the Chapin Library.

Cesati Vincenzo , “Cenni biografici sovra Antonio Bertoloni e Giuseppe Giacinto Moris”, Memorie di matematica e di fisica della Società Italiana delle Scienze, ser. 3, iv (1882), pp. LV–LXI, especially p. LVI.

Parlatore Filippo , Obituary in Nuovo giornale botanico italiano, i (1869), 149–52, p. 152.

Catalogo dei libri posseduti da Charles Fairfax Murray (Rome, 1899), 105.

http://www.biologia.unibo.it/NR/rdonlyres/C1053650-2094-4865-99CD—E4BF284746FA/172416/Antico_Dipartimento.pdf accessed 8 August 2010.

I am grateful to Michael Inman for answering questions about this copy.

https://www.martayanlan.com/cgibin/display.cgi/Books/all/28/all/1575?start=60 accessed 5 May 2008.

http://josiah.brown.edu/search∼S7?/tistoria+e+dimostrazioni/tistoria+e+dimostrazioni/1%2C3%2C4%2CB/frameset&FF=tistoria+e+dimostrazioni+intorno+alle+macchie+solari+e+loro+accidenti+comprese+in+tre+lettere&1%2C%2C2. I owe further information about this volume to James Muldoon.

Overmier , “Scientific book collectors” (ref. 28), 379, and see 2.27 bel.

Rosenwald Lessing J. , http://www.loc.gov/rr/rarebook/rosenwald-featured.html and see Herbert M. Evans ab. 1891–1979, chairman of Sears, Roebuck & Co., 1932–39 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lessing_J._Rosenwald accessed 29 July 2010).

http://collan—newton.lib.cam.ac.uk/vwebv/holdingsInfo?bibId=700432 accessed 30 June 2010.

Obituary in The academy, 13 April 1878, 321.

Obituary in The academy, 9 March 1878, 210.

Biographical register of Christ's College 1505–1905, compiled by Peile John , ii: 1666–1905 (Cambridge, 1913), 419.

Pearson , Provenance research (ref. 50), 194 gives it the incorrect shelfmark F.IV.22. I am very grateful to Karen Begg for this correction and for checking the register which contains no entry for the book.

I am grateful to Mirjam Foot and Paul S. Needham for advice on this point. The likely date of the binding casts doubt on the association of the whole volume with Piero Dini.

As is 1.20 ab.

Pearson , Provenance research (ref. 50), 196.

See Dizionario biografico degli italiani (Rome, 1960–), xl, 158–9.

http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi—bin/search.pl?sur=&suro=c&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&tex=WRT849WA&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50 accessed 28 July 2010 (enhanced version of original printed entry) and ODNB, lx, 507–509.

Very active as publisher from at least 1842 to at least 1890.

Pearson , Provenance research (ref. 50), 196.

My best thanks to Andrew Peppitt, archivist of The Devonshire Collection.

Catalogue of … the Library of M. Guglielmo Libri (ref. 57), i, 331. For Libri, see ref. 21.

1833–1908, sometime leader of the Liberal Party. ODNB, x, 638–44 which says nothing about his collecting.

Strong Sandford Arthur , librarian to the House of Lords (appointed 1897) and at Chatsworth. Kristeller Paul , Andrea Mantegna, English version by S. Arthur Strong (London, 1901), Preface, p. viii. 1863–1904, sometime librarian of Indian Institute, Oxford, student of Ernst Renan, also worked on the Devonshire art collection about which he published a book, also librarian of Duke of Portland at Welbeck, mathematician. Obituary adapted from The Times 19 January 1904 in Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 1904, 387–93.

Litta Pompeo , Celebri famiglie italiane (18 vols and 5 supplements, Milan, 1819–83), iv, “Cesi di Roma”, Tavola II; Weber Christoph , Die Päpstlichen Referendare 1566–1809: Chronologie und Prosopographie (3 vols, Stuttgart, 2003), ii, 490; and Gauchat Patrice , Hierarchia catholica medii et recentioris aevi (Münster, 1935), 95.

Bibliothecae regiae catalogus (5 vols, London, 1820–29), iii, 117.

http://www.ingenious.org.uk/See/?target=SeeMedium&ObjectID=%7B279916B04E–15C16E60FE6DF2F43D3A%7D&s=S1&SearchString=a460027&source=Search&viewby=books& accessed 5 May 2010.

Apparently not a Wilten number, since that would be Historia literaria. XXVII is “Mathesis, Astronomia”. A St Josef shelfmark?.

Prob. part of same collection as the medical books that were offered for sale to The Wellcome Historical Medical Museum in letter of 18 June 1929 described as “from the library of a well known [sic] abbey and many of them bear a great golden Superexlibris on the nice vellum-bindings”, 5 pp. typed list follows (Wellcome Archives, WA/HMM/Co/Chr/F.36, unfoliated, letter stamped as M 1234.29). Letter from Täuber & Weil of 2 May 1929 describes “a serie [sic] of very fine astronomical instruments, which we bought from the cabinet of an old abbey” (Ibid., unfoliated and unstamped). Biographical notice of Ernst Weil (1891–1965) in Journal of the history of medicine, xx (1965), 168–9 including note of collaboration with Hans [H. W.] Täuber. Catalogue in question might be Alte Naturwissenschaften (1929) in Bibliotheca Sudhofiana, no. 1834.

Book auction records, lxxv (1977–78), 268.

Neuhauser Walter , Bibliotheca Wilthinensis. Die Wiltener Stiftsbibliothek in Vergangenheit und Gegenwart. Ein Beitrag der Universitätsbibliothek Innsbruck anläβlich des 850-Jahr-Jubiläums des Stiftes Wilten. Mit einem Kurzverzeichnis der Handschriften und der Inkunabeln (Innsbruck, 1988), 26, 27 28, 29, 32, 40, 34–6 and 110–12.

http://www.vifabbi.de/fabian?Praemonstratenser—Chorherrenstift_Wilten_%28Insbruck%29 accessed 12 July 2010.

http://www.bildarchivaustria.at/Pages/ZettelDetail.aspx?p_iZettelID=434756 accessed 13 July 2010.

Lentze Hans , Studia Wiltinensia (Innsbruck, 1964), Tafel VI.

Haidacher Anton , “Studium und Wissenschaft im Stift Wilten in Mittelalter und Neuzeit”, Veröffentlichungen des Museum Ferdinandeum; part I, xxxvi (1956), 7–99; II, xxxviii (1958), 5–100; and III, xlii (1962), 21–92, see II, 92.

Ibid., II, 80 and III, 33.

Ibid., III, 41.

Ibid., III, 55–6.

http://member.schule.at/rampl/IBK—Stadt/Servitenkirche/ibk—serviten—all.html, http://www.serviten.de/oesterreich/KLOESTER/K_INNS/HAUPTTEIL_K_INNS1.html and http://134.76.163.162/fabian?Servitenkloster_%28Insbruck%29 all accessed 3 August 2010.

http://webapp.uibk.ac.at/alo_cat/collection.jsp?id=5176957 accessed 3 August 2010.

http://www.deutsche—biographie.de/artikelADB_pnd115846433.html and http://www.deutsche—biographie.de/artikelNDB_pnd115846433.html accessed 11 August 2010.

Notizienblatt , 1859, no. 19, II, “Österreische Geschichtsquellen, Borri in Wien”, contributed by Wolf Adam , Archiv für Österreichische Geschichte, ix (1860), 340–1.

Dreyer J. L. E. Turner H. H. , (eds), History of the Royal Astronomical Society, i: 1820–1920 (London, 1923), pp. v–vi, “Society business: Grove-Hills special fund; Potter , Archdeacon Beresford, fund”, Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, xcv (1935), 313, and Hingley , “The Royal Astronomical Ssociety's library” (ref. 54), calling Grove-Hills's bequest the “crème de la crème” of the RAS Library.

“Obituary notices: Fellows: — Grove-Hills, Edmond Herbert”, Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society, lxxxiii (1923), 241–3; essentially the same material in “Obituary notices of Fellows deceased”, Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, A/cii, no. 718, 1 Mar. 1923, pp. i–xxxv, pp. xx–xxii.

“List of books purchased 1839–40”, in Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London, cxxx (1840), 12. I am very grateful to Rupert Baker for this reference.

http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=2/PRS=HOL/SHW?FRST=2&HLIB=751032301#751032301 accessed 30 July 2010.

Article by J. J. O'Connor and E. F. Robertson at http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Le_Tenneur.html accessed 30 July 2010.

See Whitmore P. J. S. , The order of Minims in seventeenth-century France (s'Gravenhage, 1967), passim and chap. 4 for Mersenne, the convent's librarian. A catalogue of its library was published in 1776 (p. 310).

http://www.sudoc.abes.fr/DB=2.1/CHARSET=UTF-8/IMPLAND=Y/LNG=FR/SRT=YOP/TTL=1/COOKIE=U10178,Klecteurweb,D2.1,E513300ee-1,I250,B341720009+,SY,A%5C9008+1,J,H2–26,29,34,39,44,49–50,53–78,80–87,NLECTEUR+PSI,R129.13.130.211,FN/SET=1/SHW?FRST=4 accessed 30 July 2010.

http://pollux.bsz-bw.de/DB=2.1/SET=1/TTL=1/PRS=HOL/SHW?FRST=1&HILN=10#10 and information from Thomas Döring.

Director of Tuscan tobacco manufactory ( Fava Domenico , La Biblioteca Nazionale Centrale di Firenze e le sue insigni raccolte (Milan, 1939), 141); library might have entered BNCF in 1875 ( Bigliazzi Luciana , Aldo Manuzio tipografo 1494–1515 (Milan, 1994), 9).

Bottasso Enzo , Storia della biblioteca in Italia (Milan, 1984), 229.

Much information including all quotations in Italian from Ferro Emanuela Leone Orietta Malfatto Laura (eds), Il cielo stellato sopra di noi: Immagini e misure del cosmo dalle collezioni antiche della Biblioteca Berio, Catalogo della mostra Biblioteca Berio, Sala di lettura Fondi antichi e Collezioni specializzate 24 ottobre 2009–29 gennaio 2010 in Il Berio, no. 2 (July—December 2009), p. li, no. 28 available online at http://www.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=513941&resourceName=allegato accessed 29 July 2010. http://www.comune.genova.it/servlets/resources?contentId=513941&resourceName=allegato accessed 29 July 2010.

http://www.e-corpus.org/eng/ref/9870/C/ accessed 29 July 2010.

http://www.e-corpus.org/eng/notices/9870-Biblioteca-di-Demetrio-Canevari.html accessed 29 July 2010, and Sarton George , “The strange fame of Demetrio Carnevari, philosopher and physician, Genoese patrician (1559–1625), Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences, i (1946), 398–418.

Bibliothèque de l'Arsenale, Paris, MS 4111, p. 70.

Bernard Quaritch catalogue (1897), Examples of the art of book-binding, 74; see also Horne Herbert Percy , The binding of books: An essay in the history of gold-tooled bindings (London, 1894), 92.

Fumagalli Giuseppe , “Di Demetrio Canevari medico e bibliofilo genovese e delle preziose legature che si dicono a lui appartenute”, La bibliofilia, iv (1903), 300–16 and 390–400, and v (1904), 33–42, 80–90 and 149–61; for P. L. Farnese acc. Hobson G. D. , Maioli, Canevari and others (London, 1926); for Giovanni Antonio Grimaldi acc. Anthony Hobson, Apollo and Pegasus (London, 1975); Drake Miriam A. , Encyclopedia of library and information science: Abs—Dec, 2nd edn (London, 2003), 341.

I owe this information to Giorgio Caravale.

http://www.bibliotechepubbliche.it/genera.jsp?id=162 accessed 8 August 2010.

I owe this information to Giorgio Caravale.

Vernier , “Appendix” (ref. 89), 7.

http://opacbiblioroma.caspur.it/scheda.php accessed 3 March 2008.

Valenti Tommaso , “Le vicende della ‘libreria impressa’ dei duchi di Urbino e l‘Alessandrina’ di Roma”, Accademie e biblioteche d'Italia, iv (1931), 337–48, pp. 337, 340, and 344.

I.e., in Rome? If so, might be Thomas White or Blacklo (1593–1676), in post 1626–30, although little is known of his tenure, and there were at least three other such agents before 1625 (ex inform. Michael Questier). White was in England from 1638 to 1643 and returned there permanently shortly after 1650. Spent much of the next decade in Oxford. Tutino Stefania , Thomas White and the Blackloists: Between politics and theology during the English civil war (Aldershot, 2008), 6 and 83. White's syncretic natural philosophy included acceptance of much of Copernicus.

Karen Moran tells me this might indicate Crawford provenance, since he also Bethune of Balfour, but this seems not to be the case. His courtesy title was Lord Lindsay. The confusion may have arisen since the Bethune family held the earldom of Lindsay via their baronetcy and the families were fairly closely related, being descended from the Lindsays for whom the earldom was created in 1633. See Cokayne George E. , Complete peerage of England, Scotland, Ireland, ed. by Gibbs Vicary Doubleday H. A. White G. H. Lea R. S. , rev. edn (12 vols, London, 1910–59), iii, 525 and v, 103 and Westwood's parochial directory for the counties of Fife and Kinross, containing the names and addresses of gentry, and of persons in business (Cupar and Edinburgh, 1862), 54, 123, 402 and 407. A random check of several dozen Crawford books found no other such plate.

http://cisne.sim.ucm.es/search*spi∼S1/t?SEARCH=istoria%20e%20dimostrazioni&searchscope=1#tabs.

http://catalog.library.ucla.edu/cgi—bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?v2=2&ti=1,2&SEQ=20100806123557&Search_Arg=istoria%20e%20dimostrazioni&Search_Code=TAL2&SL=None&CNT=50&PID=4tCE2zA16LWVHnJMXWLuEyZwkH5&SID=1 accessed 5 May 2010.

No record of sale in Book auction records.

http://www.worldcat.org/identities/lccn—nr99–9017.

Bibliothèque Joseph Martini / 1.[–2.] p[ar]tie; livres rares et précieux d'autres provenances (Milan, [1934]), i, 39–40 (sale 27–29 August 1934, Lucerne).

http://www.antiqbook.com/books/bookinfo.phtml?o=tav&bnr=21851 accessed 20 June 2010.

Catalog [sic] of books (ref. 117).

Cinti , Biblioteca … Rocco (ref. 118), no. 43.

http://catalog.huntington.org/search∼S0?/tIstoria+e+Dimostrazioni/tistoria+e+dimostrazioni/1%2C3%2C6%2CB/frameset&FF=tistoria+e+dimostrazioni+intorno+alle+macchie+solari+e+loro+accidenti+comprese+in+tre+lettere&4%2C%2C4 accessed 5 May 2010.

Lewis Daniel , e—mail of 26 June 2010.

For Grillo's membership of the Umoristi, see Camola Giacomo Filippo , Breve racconto del sig. cavalier Marino (Rome, 1633), 18 with a list of other members. His correspondence contains a number of letters about both telescopes and sunspots. See Lettere del Reverendissimo P. D. Angelo Grillo, Abbate di San Benedetto di Mantova, ed. by Petracci Pietro (2 vols, Venice, 1612), ii, 84–5 (referring to Galileo's support of Copernicus), 295–7 (spring or summer 1612, sunspots and correspondence with Welser), 491–2 to Welser (spring or summer 1612, referring to Scheiner's observations, also discussed in letter on 625), 590–1 (sending lenses for a telescope), 593–4 (for two telescopes) and 630 (c. 20 April 1612, sending observations of sunspots made in Venice).

Reeves Eileen , “Faking it: Apelles and Protogenes among the astronomers”, Bildwelten des Wissens: Kunsthistorisches Jahrbuch für Bildkritik, v (2007), 65–72, pp. 71–2. I am very grateful to the author for sending me a copy and much other help with Grillo and “Protogenes”.

Among numerous obituaries, see especially two by Walter Adams S. , “George Ellery Hale”, Astrophysical journal, lxxxvii (1938), 369–88, and Biographical memoir of George Ellery Hale presented to the Academy [i.e., National Academy of Sciences] at the autumn meeting, 1939 (Washington, 1939), A. van Maanen, “George Ellery Hale”, Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society of Canada, xxxii (1938), 1938–4, and Abetti Giorgio , “Recollections of George Ellery Hale”, Astronomical Society of the Pacific leaflets, viii (1961). Amongst more recent work, see Sheehan William Osterbrock Donald E. , “Hale's ‘Little Elf’: The mental breakdowns of George Ellery Hale”, Journal for the history of astronomy, xxxi (2000), 2000–114, and Wright Helen , Explorer of the universe (New York, 1966; repub. 1994).

Firm of Carl Ewald Rappaport, founded 1906, 23 Via Sistina, Rome. http://www.rappaport.it/ accessed 3 August 2010.

Corner George W. , “Herbert McLean Evans September 23, 1882 — March 6, 1971”, Biographical memoirs [National Academy of Sciences], xlv (1974), 173–6 on his collecting citing Zeitlin Jacob I. , “Herbert M. Evans, pioneer collector of books in the history of science”, Isis, lxii (1972), 507 [recte “Éloge: Herbert M. Evans, 1882–1971”, Isis, 507–9]. For Evans's collecting see also Overmier , “Rare science books” (ref. 28), 115–16 and 117–18, using archival documents, and Dickinson, American book collectors (ref. 133), 108–9.

Zeitlin , “Evans” (ref. 217), 509.

Basbanes Nicholas A. , A gentle madness: Bibliophiles, bibliomanes, and the eternal passion for books: With a new preface (London, 1999), 320–26. See Catalogue of distinguished printed books, autograph letters and manuscripts, the property of the Newberry Library, Chicago, sold by order of the Trustees consequent upon the accession of the Louis H. Silver Collection. See also Siskin Edgar E. , with introduction by Fleming John , Louis H. Silver: A eulogy (Glencoe, IL, 1963), and Carter J. W. , “Commentary on the disposal of the late Louis H. Silver's Library”, Antiquarian bookman, xxxiv (1964), 1952–4.

Towner L. W. , Past imperfect: Essays on history, libraries, and the humanities (Chicago, 1993), 145. Exhibition catalogue: A selection of books and manuscripts from the Louis H. Silver collection now in the Newberry Library, a handlist. The Newberry Library, Chicago, October seventh to October seventeenth, 1964.

I am indebted to Earle Havens, Curator of Early Books and Manuscripts (pre-1800), Rare Books and Manuscripts Department, The Sheridan Libraries, Johns Hopkins University for most of the information in this and the next entry.

http://www.sinaitemple.org/pdf/SpeaksJan2010.pdf accessed 18 August 2010.

http://www.library.jhu.edu/about/news/exhibits/celestial.html accessed 14 August 2010.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_Vishniac and http://web.archive.org/web/20051214202614/ http://zebra.biol.sc.edu/vishniac/rv.html accessed 18 August 2010.

I owe information about this book to Glover Susan L. , Keeper of Special Collections, Boston Public Library.

See the obituary by Stetson H. T. in Popular astronomy, xxxi (1923), 308–13.

Gingerich , “Rara astronomica” (ref. 23), 119, 130, 131, 132, 133 and 135.

Simons Lao Genevra , “David Eugene Smith In memoriam”, Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society, li (1945), 40–50, Overmier , “Scientific book collectors” (ref. 28), 367–91, 371–2, and brief entry in Dickinson, American book collectors (ref. 133), 289.

Some copies were printed on carta doppia or carta più fina for presentation. Cesi—Galileo, Rome, 1 February 1613 ( Favaro (ed.), Le opere (ref. 7), xi, no. 839) and Francesco Stelluti—Galileo, Rome, 12 April 1613 (Ibid., no. 860).

The Dannie and Hettie Heineman collection (New York, 1978), 35.

Catalogue de la bibliothèque de m.–J. W. Six de Vromade to be sold by Van Gorcum's Antiquariat (2 vols, s'Gravenhage, 1925–26), i, no. 113, 24–5, emphasis in original.

Bibliothèque de M. J. W. Six de Vromade, troisieme partie (Van Gorcum's Antiquariat, 1930), Veilingcatalogus, boeken van J. W. Six van Vromade, 30 juni 1936 (Antiquariaat W. M. Mensing & Zn., 1936), and Peter C. Sutton, Jan van der Heyden (1637–1712) (New Haven, 2006), 108. I have not been able to see Catalogus instructissimae bibliothecae nobilissimi & amplissimi domini Do. Joannis Six (Amsterdam, 1706).

http://josiah.brown.edu/search∼S7?/tistoria+e+dimostrazioni/tistoria+e+dimostrazioni/1%2C3%2C4%2CB/frameset&FF=tistoria+e+dimostrazioni+intorno+alle+macchie+solari+e+loro+accidenti+comprese+in+tre+lettere&2%2C%2C2. I owe further information about this volume to James Muldoon.

I owe knowledge of this copy to Eileen Reeves and am grateful for Julia Blakeley's help with it.

“To the most illustrious Prince Federigo Cesi. You, most learned one, since you have this mind, would be another Pallas of Caesium, were you not unwilling. But now behold! Manifesting yourself in your Tritonian aspect, as Hesiod says, you are a son still more brilliant, born from the head of Jove!” I am grateful to Diana Robin for help with this translation.

http://siris-libraries.si.edu/ipac20/ipac.jsp?session=129P72T38049D.33568&profile=liball&uri=link=3100010∼!171650∼!3100001∼!3100002&aspect=subtab114&menu=search&ri=5&source=∼!silibraries&term=QB525+.G2X&index=CALLL accessed 28 December 2009.

http://collections.si.edu/search/results.jsp?q=Scheiner+Christoph accessed 6 June 2010.

Hamy Alfred , Documents pour servir à l'histoire des domiciles de la Compagnie de Jésus dans le monde entier de 1540 à 1773 (Paris, 1892), 42.

Popular astronomy, xxviii (1920), 631, and http://www.lmharnisch.blogspot.com/ accessed 2 March 2011.

IT\ICCU\UBOE\002386 giving a publication date of [1622] and one copy in the Biblioteca Universitaria di Bologna consisting of pp. 1–2 and 11–12 only; date impossible since contains letter of 1629 (see next ref.).

Letters of 19 December 1611 (Le opere (ref. 7), xi, no. 625), 3 November 1612 (Ibid., xi, no. 790), 23 January 1622 (1623; Ibid., xiii, no. 1546), 19 October 1622 (Ibid., xiii, no. 1535), 9 October 1623 (Ibid., xiii, no. 1581), 30 October 1623 (Ibid., xiii, no. 1592), 17 March 1624 (1625; Ibid., xiii, no. 1714), Giovedì Santo [4 April] 1624 (Ibid., xiii, no. 1622), 23 September 1624 (Ibid., xiii, no. 1665), 20 February 1627 (recte 1624; Ibid., xiii, no. 1613), 15 May 1628 (recte 1624; Ibid., xiii, no. 1633), 24 December 1628 (Ibid., xiv, no. 1971), 13 January 1629 (Ibid., xiv, no. 1978), and “Al Signor NN. Linceo” 17 May 1622, really to Johannes Faber, 12 May 1621 (ibid., xiii, no. 1497).