Seriality and Standardization in the Production of “606”

Biographies of Ehrlich: Adolf Lazarus, Paul Ehrlich (Vienna, 1922); Marquardt Martha , Paul Ehrlich als Mensch und Arbeiter: Erinnerungen aus dreizehn Jahren seines Lebens (1902–1915) (Stuttgart, 1924); idem, Paul Ehrlich (Berlin, 1951); Venzmer Gerhard , Paul Ehrlich: Leben und Wirken (Stuttgart, 1948); Loewe Hans , Paul Ehrlich: Schöpfer der Chemotherapie (Stuttgart, 1950); Greiling Walter , Im Banne der Medizin: Paul Ehrlich — Leben und Werk (Düsseldorf, 1954); Satter Heinrich , Paul Ehrlich—Begründer der Chemotherapie: Leben, Werk, Vermächtnis (Munich, 1963); and Bäumler Ernst , Paul Ehrlich: Forscher für das Leben (Frankfurt/Main, 1979). Ehrlich was characterized as benefactor of mankind by Albert Neisser at the 82nd Congress of German Scientists and Physicians in Köngisberg in 1910: Albert Neisser, “Moderne Syphilistherapie”, Verhandlungen der Gesellschaft Deutscher Naturforscher und Ärzte, lxxxii (1910), Part 1, 172–82, p. 182.

For a chemist's perspective: Riethmiller Steven , “From atoxyl to Salvarsan: Searching for the magic bullet”, Chemotherapy, li (2005), 234–42.

Latour Bruno , Science in action: How to follow scientists and engineers through society (Cambridge, 1987); idem, We have never been modern (Cambridge, 1993); idem and Woolgar Steve , Laboratory life: The construction of scientific facts, 2nd edn (Princeton, 1986). see also Rossler Gustav , “Kleine Galerie neuer Dingbegriffe: Hybriden, Quasi-Objekte, Grenzobjekte, epistemische Dinge”, Bruno Latours Kollektive: Kontroversen zur Entgrenzung des Sozialen, ed. by Kneer Georg (Frankfurt/Main, 2009), 76–107, pp. 99–100.

Travis Anthony S. , “Science as a receptor of technology: Paul Ehrlich and the synthetic dyestuff industry”, Science in context, iii (1989), 383–408; Liebenau Jonathan , “Paul Ehrlich as a commercial scientist and research administrator”, Medical history, xxxiv (1990), 1990–78; Lenoir Timothy , Instituting science: The cultural production of scientific disciplines (Stanford, 1997); Hardy Anne I. , “Paul Ehrlich und die Serumproduzenten: Zur Kontrolle des Diphtherieserums in Labor und Fabrik”, Medizinhistorisches Journal, xli (2006), 2006–84.

Parascandola John , “The theoretical basis of Paul Ehrlich's chemotherapy”, Journal of the history of medicine, xxxvi (1981), 19–43; Mazumdar Pauline M. H. , Species and specificity: An interpretation of the history of immunology (Cambridge, 1995); Silverstein Arthur M. , Paul Ehrlich's receptor immunology: The magnificent obsession (San Diego, 2002); Prüll Cay-Rüdiger , “Part of a scientific master plan? Paul Ehrlich and the origins of his receptor concept”, Medical history, xlvii (2003), 2003–56; idem et al., A short history of the drug receptor concept (New York, 2008).

Todes Daniel P. , Pavlov's physiology factory: Experiment, interpretation, laboratory enterprise (Baltimore, 2001).

Cunningham Andrew Williams Perry (eds)., The laboratory revolution in medicine (Cambridge, 1992); Gaudillière Jean Paul Löwy Ilana (eds)., The invisible industrialist: Manufactures and the production of scientific knowledge (Houndsmills, 1998); Todes , Pavlov's factory (ref. 6); Joerges Bernward Shinn Terry (eds)., Instrumentation between science, state and industry (Dordrecht, 2001); Dierig Sven , Wissenschaft in der Maschinenstadt: Emil Du Bois-Reymond und seine Laboratorien in Berlin (Göttingen, 2002).

Galison Peter L. Hevly Bruce , Big science: The growth of large-scale research (Palo Alto, 1992).

Eiermann Arnold , “Die Einrichtung zur Darstellung des Diphtherie-Heilserums in den Höchster Farbwerken”, Münchener medicinische Wochenschrift, xli (1894), 1038–40.

Hüntelmann Axel C. , “The dynamics of Wertbestimmung”, Science in context, xxi (2008), 229–52; idem, “Evaluation and standardisation as a practical technique of administration: The example diptheria-serum”, Gradmann Christoph Simon Jonathan (eds), Evaluating and standardizing therapeutic agents, 1890–1960 (Basingstoke, 2010), 31–51.

Kolle Wilhelm (ed.)., “Das Staatsinstitut für experimentelle Therapie und das Chemo-therapeutische Forschungsinstitut ‘Georg Speyer-Haus’ in Frankfurt a. M.: Ihre Geschichte, Organisation und ihre Arbeitsgebiete”, Arbeiten aus dem Staats Institut für Experimentelle Therapie und dem Georg Speyer-Hause zu Frankfurt a. M., xvi (1926), 1–67; idem and Erwin Stilling, “Das Staatliche Institut für Experimentelle Therapie und das Chemotherapeutische Forschungsinstitut, ‘Georg Speyer-Haus’ in Frankfurt a.M.”, Forschungsinstitute: Ihre Geschichte, Organisation und Ziele, ii, ed. by Brauer Ludolph (Hamburg, 1930), 57–73; Hüntelmann Axel C. , “Einzigartige Sonderstellung: Das Institut für Experimentelle Therapie und das Georg Speyer-Haus im Deutschen Kaiserreich”, Jenseits von Humboldt: Wissenschaft im Staat 1850–1990, ed. by Hüntelmann Axel C. Schneider Michael C. (Frankfurt/Main, 2010), 189–215. For the side-chain theory and receptor immunology: Silverstein , Receptor immunology (ref. 5); Prüll , “Part” (ref. 5); idem et al., Short history (ref. 5).

Kolle , Staatsinstitut (ref. 11); Kolle Stilling , Institut (ref. 11); Hüntelmann , Sonderstellung (ref. 11).

As a general overview Hobsbawm Eric J. , The Age of Empire: 1875–1914 (London, 1987); Bayly Christopher A. , The birth of the modern world, 1780–1914: Global connections and comparisons (Oxford, 2004); Bashford Alison , Imperial hygiene: A critical history of colonialism, nationalism and public health (Basingstoke, 2004); Osterhammel Jürgen , Die Verwandlung der Welt: Eine Geschichte des 19. Jahrhunderts (Munich, 2009).

Hüntelmann Axel C. , Hygiene im Namen des Staates: Das Reichsgesundheitsamt 1876–1933 (Göttingen, 2008); idem, Sonderstellung (ref. 11); Hinz-Wessels Annette , Das Robert Koch-Institut im Nationalsozialismus (Berlin, 2008); Hulverscheidt Marion Laukötter Anja (eds)., Infektion und Institution: Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Robert Koch-Instituts im Nationalsozialismus (Göttingen, 2009).

Cahan David , An institute for an empire: The Physikalisch-Technische Reichsanstalt 1871–1918 (Cambridge, 1989).

On the wider anthropological understanding of economy as a give and take and social exchange see Mauss Marcel , Gift: The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies (London, 1990); Adloff Frank Mau Steffen (eds)., Vom Geben und Nehmen: Zur Soziologie der Reziprozität (Frankfurt/Main, 2005); Moebius Stephan Papilloud Christian (eds)., Gift: Marcel Mauss' Kulturtheorie der Gabe (Wiesbaden, 2006); Caillé Allain , Anthropologie der Gabe (Frankfurt/Main, 2008).

As in his thesis: Ehrlich Paul , Gesammelte Werke (henceforth GW), i, ed. by Himmelweit Fred (London, 1956), 65–98.

Ehrlich Paul , “Studien in der Cocainreihe”, GW, i (ref. 17), 559–66.

See several laboratory notebooks in the Rockefeller Archive Center, Paul Ehrlich Collection 650 Eh 89 (henceforth cited as RAC); a list of dogs in the Prussian Secret State Archive, Berlin (henceforth GStAPK), HA 1, rep. 76 Vc, sekt. 1, tit. 1, no. 18, vol. 2; the tale about the cat siblings “Max and Moritz” in a press-clipping in RAC box 51, folder 8.

Porter Theodore , Trust in numbers: The pursuit of objectivity in science and public life (Princeton, 1995).

In detail, Hüntelmann , “Dynamics” (ref. 10).

The form sheets, tables and data bases in GStAPK, HA I, rep. 76 VIII C, no. 3747; Federal Archive (Bundesarchiv) Berlin, R 86/1646; Paul Ehrlich Institute, Langen (henceforth PEI), Abt. V.

Hüntelmann , “Evaluation” (ref. 10).

Marquardt , Paul Ehrlich (ref. 1, 1924), 23.

See the various series of the “Kopier-Bücher” in RAC.

One of many contradictions enshrined in the myth of Paul Ehrlich as “laboratory scientist”.

Personal file Benda in Stadtarchiv Frankfurt/Main, V 39, XIIId/4 (48).

Ehrlich to Bertheim , Note 11 February 1910, RAC box 33, p. 278.

See the different work orders in the Kopierbücher series II (“Blöcke”, work orders) and VI (“Blöcke”, notes GSH) in RAC boxes 7–15, 19, 27–35.

Marquardt , Paul Ehrlich (ref. 1, 1924), 57–9, describes his daily circuit through the institutes.

Pavlov's Physiological Institute was similarly organized: Todes , Pavlov's factory (ref. 6).

Preparations book (Präparate-Buch) in PEI.

Several reminders to make sure there was enough stock of compound 418 in July 1908 (RAC box 31) and in December 1909 and January 1910 concerning the laboratory production of 606 (RAC box 33).

Hüntelmann Axel C. , “1910: Transformationen eines Arzneistoffes — Vom 606 zum Salvarsan”, Arzneimittel des 20. Jahrhunderts: 13 historische Skizzen von Lebertran bis Contergan, ed. by Eschenbruch Nicholas (Bielefeld, 2009), 17–51.

Preparations book (Präparate-Buch) in PEI.

Ibid. The idea of combining tartar emetic with other compounds occurred in December 1907 with a view to substituting ammonia or sodium against lysidine or ethylenediamine piperazine: Kopierbuch GSH Dec. 1907, series VI, no. 3, RAC box 29.

1. Dichloroatoxyl and diverse compounds — Such as glyoxalin/imidazole and “Iodol”, 2. Dichloroatoxylic acids, 3. Diazoatoxyl and “Iodol” beside the former work instruction to modify amidophenol and to continue the work on glycine: Pad from 21 May 1909, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32, p. 296.

452 (boiled with formaldehyde and HCl), 458 (combination of 418 and 446), 459 (reaction of sodium hydrosulphite on 446), 461 (418 and 446 in weak alkaline solution and NaCl): Preparations book (Präparate-Buch) in PEI.

Preparations book (Präparate-Buch) in PEI. Derived from earlier experiments and experience, not all combinations had to be carried out.

For a complete and detailed ‘reconstruction’ one has to combine the different laboratory books at the Chemical Department and the private work notebooks of the scientists, Ehrlich's “Blöcke” and work instructions and his personal notes. Finally the working steps, tacit and personal knowledge influenced the experiments, as I note elsewhere.

Instructions to Benda, 14 March 1909; notes to Röhl, 2 April 1909, 18 May 1909, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32.

Bertheim Alfred , “Chemie der Arsenverbindung”, Paul Ehrlich: Eine Darstellung seines wissenschaftlichen Wirkens. Festschrift zum 60. Geburtstage des Forschers, ed. by Apolant Hugo (Jena, 1914), 447–76, pp. 466–8; Ehrlich Paul Bertheim Alfred , “Über das Salzsaure 3.3′-Diamino-4.4′-dioxy-arsenobenzol und seine nächsten Verwandten”, GW, iii, ed. by Himmelweit Fred (London, 1960), 405–11; idem, Aus Theorie und Praxis der Chemotherapie (Leipzig, 1911); idem, “Schlußbemerkungen”, in: idem and Hata Sahachiro , Die experimentelle Chemotherapie der Spirillosen (Syphilis, Rückfallfieber, Hühnerspirillose, Frambösie) (Berlin, 1910), 114–64, pp. 115–25.

Ehrlich's Paul secretary and biographer, Martha Marquardt, described how new interns or assistants were confused by the information on the “Blöcke” and asked for advice: Marquardt , Paul Ehrlich (ref. 1, 1951), 89–91.

Ehrlich Bertheim , “3.3′-Diamino-4.4′-dioxy-arsenobenzol” (ref. 42); Riethmiller , “Atoxyl” (ref. 2).

Ehrlich Memo to Röhl , 25 February 1908, RAC box 30, pag. 199. “Es wäre vielleicht praktisch, wenn wir die diversen häufiger dargestellten präparate wie 418, methylharnstoff laufend numerirt und in das lieferbuch die provenienz respective gewisse biologische eigenschaften separat eintragen wollten”.

Hata Sahachiro , “Experimentelle Grundlage der Chemotherapie der Spirillosen”, Chemotherapie, ed. by Ehrlich Hata (ref. 42), 1–85.

Ehrlich Paul , “Über die Schlafkrankheit”, GW, iii (ref. 42), 310–17. On Ehrlich's work on sleeping sickness: Deborah Neill, “Paul Ehrlich's colonial connections: Scientific networks and sleeping sickness drug therapy research, 1900–1914”, Social history of medicine, xxii (2009), 61–77; Worboys Michael , “Comparative history of sleeping sickness in east and central Africa, 1900–1914”, History of science, xxxii (1994), 1994–102.

On the similarities with passive immunization see Ehrlich's note to Röhl, 17 May 1908, RAC box 30, p. 443. Ehrlich suggested bleeding the animals that were cured. The serum was stocked, the phial numbered and used for immunization.

Ehrlich for instance instructed Röhl (15 January 1908) to start a new notebook on the relapsing strains R, R I, R II. “Weiterführung der Rezidivstämme in der Weise, dass man sie erst 2–3mal durch entsprechend geheilte Tiere passiert und nachher normale Passagen 2–3 zwischenlegt…. Bitte auch ein extra buch für Recidivstämme anlegen.” RAC box 30, p. 51.

Note Ehrlich to Hata , 27 March 1909, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32.

Hata , “Grundlage” (ref. 46).

Ibid., p. 4: — (no spirilloses), + sw (very few spirilloses), + w (few spirilloses: 1 in 10–50 visual fields), + (medium: Between 1 spirillium in 10 visual fields up to 10 in one visual field), ++ (10–50 in one visual field), +++ (over 50 in one visual field), ++++ (countless, in masses). On microscopical techniques of observation: Crary Jonathan , Techniques of the observer. On vision and modernity in the 19th century (Cambridge, 1990).

Hata , “Grundlage” (ref. 46), 5–11. Hata reflected that the artificially generated disease — A laboratory infection — Was different from a ‘natural’ or spontaneous disease and different from the course of the human disease, which was more irregular. The experimental setting was also transferred to rats as test animals for purposes of comparison.

Despite all efforts to standardize mice. For the standardization of test animals see Rader Karen A. , Making mice: Standardizing animals for American biomedical research, 1900–1955 (Princeton, 2004); Logan Cheryl A. , “Before there were standards: The role of test animals in the production of empirical generality in physiology”, Journal of the history of biology, xxxv (2002), 2002–63. On a planned breeding farm for test animals at the IET in the 1920s: von Schwerin Alexander , Experimentalisierung des Menschen: Der Genetiker Hans Nachtsheim und die vergleichende Erbpathologie 1920–1945 (Göttingen, 2004).

The test animal of choice was the rabbit, in which two strains of parasites were bred: Eye-syphilis and scrotal syphilis.

Hata , “Grundlage” (ref. 46), 68–81.

Dosis tolerata and dosis letalis were first introduced by Ehrlich in the context of the evaluation of sera to measure the quality of diphtheria or tetanus toxin: Richard Otto, “Die staatliche Prüfung der Heilsera”, Arbeiten aus dem Königlichen Institut für Experimentelle Therapie zu Frankfurt a. M., ii (1906), 1–86.

Browning Carl , for example, introduced his successor Wilhelm Röhl to the system of notebooks: File Röhl, request Ehrlich to Browning, RAC box 3, folder 19.

The dispute in RAC box 3, folder 19. A similar case in the laboratory of Richard Kuhn, head of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Medical Resarch, is given in Schmaltz Florian , Kampfstoff-Forschung im Nationalsozialismus: Zur Kooperation von Kaiser-Wilhelm-Instituten, Militär und Industrie (Göttingen, 2005), 387–413.

Countless work instructions exist in the “Kopierbücher”, e.g., Ehrlich's requests to show him this or that notebook or to confer about ongoing work, to dispose of laboratory animals, to request and schedule more chemical compounds: Serie VI of the “Kopierbücher” in the RAC.

Several examples such as the request to Morgenroth in June 1903 to return the “Blöcke” and pass over laboratory notebooks so that Ehrlich could sum up the results for an article, RAC box 11. The dispute with Röhl about the notebook was also caused by the fact that Ehrlich actually wanted to write an article (orginally planned with Röhl as a co-author) on chemotherapeutic research that he could not finish without the missing information: RAC box 3, folder 19.

Ehrlich to Hata , 27 March 1909, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32.

Ehrlich to Hata , 1 May 1909, proposition to try the spirilla in vitro with dye stuffs like dimethyl-amidomethylene blue or methylene green, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32.

Ehrlich to Röhl/Gulbranson Bertheim , 26 and 27 March 1909, Kopierbuch GSH series VI, no. 5, RAC box 32. Another example to Röhl/Gulbranson (on research about 418), 14 March 1909, concerning the increase of resistance against antimony, ibid. Later Röhl was asked to check in old notebooks the protocols about hypersensibility of the atoxyl-strain against 379 and a few days later (24 March 1909) to infect a new series of rabbits with trypanosomes to test the acridinium-combination, ibid.

Ehrlich to Röhl , 30 March 1909, ibid.

Hata , “Grundlage” (ref. 46), 60–3.

Alt Konrad , “Das neueste Ehrlich-Hata-präparat gegen Syphilis”, Abhandlungen über Salvarsan (Ehrlich-Hata-Präparat gegen Syphilis), ed. by Ehrlich Paul (4 vols, Munich, 1911–14), i, 67–76, p. 67. On the Wassermann test see Bäumler Ernst , Amors vergifteter Pfeil: Kulturgeschichte einer verschwiegenen Krankheit, 2nd edn (Munich, 1989), 156–67; von Wassermann August Neisser Albert Bruck Carl , “Eine serodiagnostische Reaktion bei Syphilis”, Deutsche medizinische Wochenschrift, xlviii (1906), 1906–6.

The start of the experiments in September 1909 was mentioned in Alt, “Ehrlich-Hata-präparat” (ref. 67), 67.

Alt's speech was given on 3 March 1910: Alt Konrad , “Zur Technik der Behandlung mit dem Ehrlich-Hataschen Syphilismittel”, Abhandlungen, ed. by Ehrlich (ref. 67), i, 17–20, p. 17. As an overview Paul Ehrlich, “Chemotherapie von Infektionskrankheiten”, GW, iii (ref. 42), 213–27, pp. 220–2; Ehrlich , “Schlußbemerkungen” (ref. 42); idem, Theorie und Praxis (ref. 42); idem, “Die Salvarsantherapie: Rückblicke und Ausblicke”, GW, iii (ref. 42), 318–36.

Alt, “Ehrlich-Hata-präparat” (ref. 67), 74.

Iversen Julius , “Chemotherapie des Recurrens”, Chemotherapie, ed. by Ehrlich Hata (ref. 42), 90–108; idem, “Ueber die Wirkung des neuen Arsenpräparates (606) Ehrlichs bei Rekurrens”, Abhandlungen, ed. by Ehrlich (ref. 67), i, 343–51.

Note Ehrlich to Bertheim, 1 December 1909, Kopierbuch GSH, RAC box 33, p. 34.

Bertheim , “Chemie” (ref. 42), 460.

Ibid., 468–9.

On 8 December 1909 Ehrlich informed Kahn and Bertheim about a complaint concerning a difference in weight. He insisted on ideal quality for human experiments: Kopierbuch GSH, RAC box 33, p. 86.

Hüntelmann , “1910” (ref. 34).

Bertheim Alfred received, e.g., the instruction to improve the solubility: Ehrlich to Bertheim, 18 January 1910, RAC box 33, p. 207. At the Biological Department, research was forced to deal with the problems of hypersensibility and relapses.

Several other compounds were developed after 606, between September 1909 and May 1910 compounds 607–631: Preparations book (Präparate-Buch) in PEI.

The experimental work diminished up to spring 1910 in proportion as the production and distribution of arsphenamine increased; after April 1910 mainly arsphenamine was produced: “Kopierbücher” of the GSH, RAC boxes 33f.

Numerous examples of “Blöcke” to his assistants: “please read and reproduce this and that patent”; or during an experiment Ehrlich referred to patent literature to motivate his staff, e.g. his note to Robert Kahn, 21 January 1910: “I wish merely to direct your attention to the latest issue of the ‘Chemischen Neuesten Nachrichten’, the Bych Patent, the reduction from acid to aldehyde! Might this also be possible for the anthranil acid?”, RAC box 33. Occasionally Ehrlich corresponded with the Lautenschläger company, a manufacturer of laboratory devices, discussing patents and technical improvements. Likewise he was in touch with Arnold Berliner, former director of the “Allgemeine Electrizitäts-Gesellschaft” in Berlin, a producer of electrical equipment and of light bulbs, who was frequently asked for technical advice, e.g., a request by Ehrlich concerning ice acid solution, 20 April 1905: RAC box 24; or several requests concerning a collodium solution in 1908: RAC box 25. With Berliner, Ehrlich had already cooperated in the context of serum control. For standardization, quality standards and mass production: Luxbacher Günther , Massenproduktion im globalen Kartell: Glühlampen, Radioröhren und die Industrialisierung der Elektroindustrie (Berlin, 2003).

Report about the introduction of Salvarsan at the Dye Stuff Industries Hoechst by B. Reuter, Histocom Archive (Hoechst Archive); Bäumler , Paul Ehrlich (ref. 1), 237–8, 241.

Alt, “Ehrlich-Hata-präparat” (ref. 67); Schreiber E. Hoppe J. , “Ueber die Behandlung der Syphilis mit dem neuen Ehrlich-Hataschen Arsenpräparat (No. 606)”, Abhandlungen, ed. by Ehrlich (ref. 67), i, 77–83; Iversen , “Wirkung” (ref. 71); idem, “Chemotherapie” (ref. 71).

Wechselmann Wilhelm , Die Behandlung der Syphilis mit Dioxydiamidoarsenobenzol (“Ehrlich-Hata 606”) (2 vols, Berlin, 1911–12); an overview given in Neisser Albert , “Einleitender Überblick: Salvarsan und Syphilis”, Paul Ehrlich, ed. by Apolant (ref. 42), 515–40.

Ehrlich , “Salvarsantherapie” (ref. 69), 318.

Correspondence between Ehrlich and Heinrich Loeb, RAC box 57, folder 6.

Loeb Heinrich , “Erfahrungen mit Ehrlichs Dioxy-diamido-arsenobenzol (606)”, Abhandlungen, ed. by Ehrlich (ref. 67), i, 101–5; idem, “Weitere Erfahrungen über, 606'”, ibid., 106–12. Ehrlich supported his collaborators' publication of their results to generate a public debate on his compound, cf. Ehrlich Paul , “Die Behandlung des Syphilis mit dem Ehrlichschen Präparat 606”, GW, iii (ref. 42), 240–6, p. 242. Ehrlich edited most of the publications: Abhandlungen (ref. 67); already the bibliography of the 606-literature published by von Stokar Kurt , Die Syphilis-Behandlung mit Salvarsan (Ehrlich Hata 606) nebst einer systematischen Zusammenfassung der bisher veröffentlichten Literatur (Munich, 1911) counted up to the end of 1910 over 260 publications.

Ehrlich , “Behandlung” (ref. 86); idem, “Schlußbemerkungen” (ref. 42), chapter C; idem, “Salvarsantherapie” (ref. 69).

Ehrlich , “Schlußbemerkungen” (ref. 42), 140–4; idem, “Salvarsantherapie” (ref. 69), 325, 328–9; idem, “Behandlung” (ref. 86), 243; in summary, Wechselmann Wilhelm , Zur Pathogenese der Salvarsantodesfälle (Berlin, 1913).

Ehrlich Paul , “Permanent action on Ehrlich's New Remedy 606”, GW, iii (ref. 42), 342–3; Circular, 25 October 1910 in the correspondence to Heinrich Loeb, RAC box 57, folder 6. On the clinical tests in detail: Hüntelmann, “1910” (ref. 34).

Fig. 1; and the stamps in Fig. 4: Dos. Tolerat.

Pickstone John V. , Ways of knowing: A new history of science, techology and medicine (Chicago, 2000); the inscription and compilation of information in Friedrich Kittler A. , Aufschreibesysteme 1800, 1900, 3rd edn (Munich, 1995); Strathern Marilyn (ed.)., Audit cultures: Anthropological studies in accountability, ethics and the academy (London, 2002).

Notebook IV, PEI.

Notebook IX (1908), PEI.

Notebook 606 T, PEI.

Obviously it circulated together with the phials: The circular in RAC box 57, folder 6.

The form sheet request on relapses: ibid.

The results of the successful treatment of syphilis were presented as medical records, while the results of the series of experiments concerning the recurrent fever were presented in a table: Hata , “Grundlage” (ref. 46).