Newton on the Beach: The Information Order of Principia Mathematica

Turnor Edmund , Collections for the history of the town and soke of Grantham (London, 1806), 173 n. 2, where it is claimed this was said by Newton “a little before his death”.

Milton John , Paradise regained, Book 4, line 330 (from The poetical works of Mr Milton (2 vols, London, 1720), ii, 86, the version Isaac Newton owned); see Fara Patricia , Newton: The making of genius (London, 2002), 206.

Spence Joseph , Observations, anecdotes and characters of books and men, ed. by Osborn James M. (2 vols, first published 1820; Oxford, 1966), i, 462.

Ramsay Andrew , A plan of education for a young prince (London, 1732), p. iii; extract from Fog's weekly journal, no. 195 (29 July 1732) in King's College Cambridge, Keynes MS 129 (N). In June 1729 Conduitt already suggested that a proposed artistic memorial for Newton must be set “by the seaside”. See Haskell Francis , “The apotheosis of Newton in art”, in Palter Robert (ed.), The annus mirabilis of Sir Isaac Newton (Cambridge, MA, 1970), 302–21, p. 315.

Fara , Newton (ref. 2), 206–7; Thomas W. K. Ober Warren U. , A mind forever voyaging: Wordsworth at work portraying Newton and science (Edmonton, 1989), 41; Manuel Frank E. , A portrait of Isaac Newton (1968; London, 1980), 389.

Stukeley William , “Memoirs of Sir Isaac Newton's life”, in Iliffe Rob (ed.), Early biographies of Isaac Newton (London, 2006), 250–1; Halley Edmond , “Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica. Autore Is. Newton”, Philosophical transactions, xvi (1688), 1688–7, p. 291.

Iliffe Rob , “‘Is he like other men?’ The meaning of the Principia and the author as idol”, in MacLean G. (ed.), Literature, culture and society in the Stuart Restoration (Cambridge, 1995), 159–78; Golinski Jan , “The secret life of an alchemist”, in Fauvel John Flood Raymond Shortland Michael and Wilson Robin (eds), Let Newton be! (Oxford, 1988), 147–68; Shapin Steven , “‘The mind is its own place’: Science and solitude in seventeenth-century England”, Science in context, iv (1990), 1990–218, pp. 204–6.

Withers Charles W. J. , Placing the Enlightenment: Thinking geographically about the Age of Reason (Chicago, 2007), 45–61; Lambert David Martins Luciana and Ogborn Miles , “Currents, visions and voyages: Historical geographies of the sea”, Journal of historical geography, xxxii (2006), 2006–93, p. 485. Compare the histories and methods of ships, beachcombing and cargo discussed in Greg Dening, Islands and beaches (Honolulu, 1980), 129–30, 157–61, and Dening , Beach crossings (Melbourne, 2004), 16–18, 270.

Shapin Steven , A social history of truth: Civility and science in seventeenth-century England (Chicago, 1994), 243–7. For ‘team-work’ in making Principia, see Meli Bertoloni D. , Thinking with objects: The transformation of mechanics in the seventeenth century (Baltimore, 2006), 256 and 285.

Hessen Boris , “The social and economic roots of Newton's Principia”, in Werskey P. G. (ed.), Science at the crossroads: Papers presented to the International Congress of the History of Science and Technology (1931; London, 1971), 147–212, pp. 171.

For Bacon's Iberian sources see Pimentel Juan , Testigos del mundo: Ciencia, literatura y viajes en la ilustración (Madrid, 2003), 55–57, 91–93; Cañizares-Esguerra Jorge , Nature, empire and nation: Explorations of history of science in the Iberian world (Stanford, 2006), 14–23. For Jesuit networks see Harris Steven J. , “Confession building, long-distance networks, and the organization of Jesuit science”, Early science and medicine, i (1996), 1996–318.

Iliffe Rob , “‘Those whose business it is to cavill’: Newton's anti-Catholicism”, in Force James E. and Popkin Richard H. (eds), Newton and religion: Context, nature and influence (Dordrecht, 1999), 97–120, pp. 112–17; Camenietzki Carlos Ziller , “Baroque science between the Old and the New World: Father Kircher and his colleague Valentin Stansel”, in Findlen Paula (ed.), Athanasius Kircher (London, 2004), 311–28.

Fogel Michèle , Les cérémonies de l'information dans la France du XVIe au XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1989); Brewer John , The sinews of power: War, money and the English state 1688–1783 (London, 1989), chap. 8: “Public knowledge and private interest: The state, lobbies and the politics of information”; Stewart Larry , The rise of public science: Rhetoric, technology and natural philosophy in Newtonian Britain, 1660–1750 (Cambridge, 1992); and Stewart , “Global pillage: Science, commerce and empire”, in Porter Roy (ed.), The Cambridge history of science: Eighteenth-century science (Cambridge, 2003), 825–44.

Bayly C. A. , Empire and information: Intelligence gathering and social communication in India, 1780–1870 (Cambridge, 1996), 5; Burke Peter , A social history of knowledge from Gutenberg to Diderot (Cambridge, 2000), 25; Withers , Placing the Enlightenment (ref. 8), 50–57.

Friedman Jerome , Miracles and the pulp press during the English Revolution (London, 1993), 239–53; Raymond Joad , Pamphlets and pamphleteering in early modern Britain (Cambridge, 2003), 324–41; Burns William , An age of wonders: Prodigies, politics and Providence in England, 1657–1727 (Manchester, 2002), 57–96. For coffee houses see Ellis Markman , The coffee house: A cultural history (London, 2004), 68–74.

Shapin , Social history of truth (ref. 9), 194–211; Dooley Brendan , The social history of skepticism: Experience and doubt in early modern culture (Baltimore, 1999), 12–18.

Smith Pamela H. and Findlen Paula , (eds), Merchants and marvels: Commerce, science and art in early modern Europe (London, 2002); Schiebinger Londa and Swan Claudia (eds), Colonial botany: Science, commerce and politics in the early modern world (Philadelphia, 2005); Delbourgo James and Dew Nicholas (eds), Science and empire in the Atlantic world (London, 2008). For the importance of skill in creditworthy instrument use at remote sites see Shapin , Social history of truth (ref. 9), 245–7; Buchwald Jed , “Discrepant measurements and experimental knowledge in the early modern era”, Archive for history of exact sciences, lx (2006), 2006–649, pp. 583, 590.

Newton to Aston, 18 May 1669, Correspondence of Isaac Newton, ed. by Turnbull H. W. Scott J. F. and Hall A. R. (7 vols, Cambridge, 1959–77), i, 9–11; Westfall R. S. , Never at rest: A biography of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1980), 193; Manuel , Portrait of Newton (ref. 5), 162–4; Hessen , “Social and economic roots” (ref. 10), 171–3. For news-sheets and Newton's interest in this adept Francesco Giuseppe Borri, see Malcolm Noel , “Robert Boyle, Georges Pierre des Clozets, and the Asterism: A new source”, Early science and medicine, ix (2004), 2004–306, pp. 304–6. For other advice to travellers on tides and geography see Hall A. R. and Hall M. B. (eds), Unpublished scientific papers of Isaac Newton (Cambridge, 1962), 392–3.

Cook Harold J. , “Time's bodies: Crafting the preparation and preservation of naturalia”, in Smith and Findlen (eds), Merchants and marvels (ref. 17), 223–47, and Cook , Matters of exchange: Commerce, medicine and science in the Dutch Golden Age (New Haven, 2007), 267–76, 325–9; Harris Steven J. , “Long-distance corporations, big science and the geography of knowledge”, Configurations, vi (1988), 1988–304.

“An introductory discourse containing the whole history of navigation”, in A collection of voyages and travels (3 vols, London, 1704), ii, p. lxxiii; Irving Sarah , Natural science and the origins of the British empire (London, 2008), 92–93.

Sprat Thomas , History of the Royal Society (London, 1667), 406–7.

Govier Mark , “The Royal Society, slavery and the island of Jamaica 1660–1700”, Notes and records of the Royal Society, liii (1999), 203–17; Stewart Larry , “The edge of utility: Slaves and smallpox in the early eighteenth century”, Medical history, xxix (1985), 1985–70; Delbourgo James , “Slavery in the cabinet of curiosities: Hans Sloane's Atlantic World”, http://www.britishmuseum.org/PDF/Delbourgo%20essay.pdf, accessed June 2008.

Stewart , “Global pillage” (ref. 13), 828–38; Carey Daniel , “Compiling nature's history: Travellers and travel narratives in the early Royal Society”, Annals of science, liv (1997), 1997–92, pp. 275–6.

Markley Robert , The Far East and the English imagination 1600–1730 (Cambridge, 2006), 241–68.

Chamberlayne to Newton, 2 February 1704, Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 412; Fontaney to Sloane, 1 August 1704, British Library MS Sloane 4039, fol. 334; Flamsteed to Pound, 15 November 1704, and Pound to Flamsteed, 7 July 1705, in Forbes Eric Murdin Lesley and Willmoth Frances (eds), Correspondence of John Flamsteed (3 vols, Bristol, 1995–2002), iii, 100–1, 182. See Needham Rodney , Exemplars (Berkeley, 1985), 75–116.

Lestringant Frank , Une sainte horreur, ou le voyage en Eucharistie XVIe—XVIIIe siècle (Paris, 1996), 311–30. The Psalmanazar literature is vast: Needham gives a bibliography in Exemplars (ref. 25), 229–40. Recent studies include Susan Stewart, “Antipodal expectations: Notes on the Formosan ‘ethnography’ of George Psalmanazar”, in Stocking George W. (ed.), Romantic motives: Essays on anthropological sensibility (Madison, 1989), 44–73; Swiderski Richard , The false Formosan: George Psalmanazar and the eighteenth-century experiment of identity (San Francisco, 1991); Mason Peter , The lives of images (London, 2001), 56–79; Keevak Michael , The pretended Asian: George Psalmanazar's eighteenth-century Formosan hoax (Detroit, 2004).

Pomian Krzysztof , Collectors and curiosities: Paris and Venice 1500–1800 (1987; Cambridge, 1990), 53–64, 125–35; Benedict Barbara M. , Curiosity: A cultural history of early modern inquiry (Chicago, 2002), 52–70; 'Espinasse Margaret , “The decline and fall of Restoration science”, Past and present, xiv (1958), 1958–89. Jurin's dedication is in Philosophical transactions, xxxiv (1727), sig. A2. For censure of the Royal Society's output in this period see Heilbron J. L. , Physics at the Royal Society during Newton's presidency (Los Angeles, 1983), 35–40; Feingold Mordechai , “Mathematicians and naturalists: Sir Isaac Newton and the Royal Society”, in Buchwald Jed Z. and Cohen Bernard I. (eds), Isaac Newton's natural philosophy (Cambridge, MA, 2001), 77–102.

Dear Peter , Discipline and experience: The mathematical way in the Scientific Revolution (Chicago, 1995), 246–8 on mathematical philosophy's weaker role for patterns of trust; Harris , “Longdistance corporations” (ref. 19), 274 on Grew and Newton. For Newton's gift of Grew's Musaeum Societatis Regalis to his college in 1680 see Edleston John , Correspondence of Sir Isaac Newton and Professor Cotes (Cambridge, 1850), p. xxix.

Newton Isaac , (ed.), Bernhard Vareni Geographia generalis (Cambridge, 1672); Warntz William , “Newton, the Newtonians and the Geographia generalis Varenii“, Annals of the Association of American Geographers, lxxix (1989), 165–91, p. 177. Compare Newton's planned role in John Adams's 1681 English meridian survey: Birch Thomas , History of the Royal Society (4 vols, London, 1756), iv, 65–66 (19 January 1681).

Peters J. S. , “The Bank, the press and the return to nature”, in Brewer John and Staves Susan (eds), Early modern conceptions of property (London, 1996), 365–88; Westfall , Never at rest (ref. 18), 623, 862. For communication networks see Burke , Social history of knowledge (ref. 14), 149–76; Steele Ian K. , The English Atlantic 1675–1740: An exploration of communication and community (Oxford, 1986).

Newton Isaac , The mathematical principles of natural philosophy (2 vols, London, 1729), ii, 200–1, and Newton , The Principia, ed. by Cohen Bernard I. and Whitman Anne (Berkeley, 1999), 793. See Whiteside D. T. , “Before the Principia: The maturing of Newton's thoughts on dynamical astronomy, 1664–1684”, Journal of the history of astronomy, i (1970), 1970–19; Cohen Bernard I. , Introduction to Newton's Principia (Cambridge, 1971), 132–5; Westfall , Never at rest (ref. 18), 443–4, 458–62, 861–2.

Halley Edmond , “An historical account of the trade winds and monsoons”, Philosophical transactions, xvi (1686), 153–68, p. 153 (compare ibid., 149, for Halley's editorial comment on delay in publication); Halley to Newton, 7 June 1686, Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 434. See Waters D. W. , “Captain Edmond Halley FRS, Royal Navy, and the practice of navigation”, in Thrower Norman J. W. (ed.), Standing on the shoulders of giants: A longer view of Newton and Halley (Berkeley, 1990), 171–202, pp. 180–2; Cook Alan , Edmond Halley: Charting the heavens and the seas (Oxford, 1998), 190–6.

Whiteside D. T. , (ed.), The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton (8 vols, Cambridge, 1967–81), vi, 51 n. 62; compare Hall and Hall (eds), Unpublished scientific papers (ref. 18), 279. Newton's editor Roger Cotes summarized the method in the 1710s: See Cotes Roger , “Aestimatio errorum in mixta mathesi”, in Harmonia mensurarum, … accedunt alia opuscula mathematica, ed. by Smith Robert (Cambridge, 1722), 1–22 (second pagination), p. 22.

Hooke Robert , Lectures and collections (London, 1678), 22 (on Hevelius and others on comets).

Newton to Flamsteed, 12 January 1685, and Flamsteed to Newton, 27 January 1685, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 413, 414; Newton Isaac , A treatise of the system of the world (composed 1685; London, 1728), 29; Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 228–9, 812–14. The sources include Christiaan Huygens, Systema Saturnium (The Hague, 1659), 47; Halley Edmond , “A correction of the theory of the motion of the satellite of Saturn”, Philosophical transactions, xiii (1683), 82–88, p. 86; Gallet Jean-Charles , “Système des apparences de Saturne”, Journal des sçavans, 12 June 1684, 197–201, p. 199. van Helden Compare Albert , Measuring the universe: Cosmic dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley (Chicago, 1985), 146–8.

Newton to Flamsteed, 16 February and 29 June 1695, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 87–88, 134. See Kollerstrom Nick and Yallop Bernard , “Flamsteed's lunar data, 1692–5, sent to Newton”, Journal for the history of astronomy, xxvi (1985), 237–46; Buchwald , “Discrepant measurements” (ref. 17), 603; Westfall , Never at rest (ref. 18), 540–8; Iliffe (ed.), Early biographies (ref. 6), pp. xxii–xxiv, 15–17, 186.

Whiteside D. T. , “Newton's lunar theory: From high hope to disenchantment”, Vistas in astronomy, xix (1975–76), 317–28. For the removal of Flamsteed's name, compare Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), iv, 3–4 and 277; Koyré Alexandre and Cohen Bernard I. (eds), Isaac Newton's Philosophiae naturalis principia mathematica: The third edition with variant readings (Cambridge, 1972), 658; and Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 869–71. For the failings of Newton's lunar theory see Wilson Curtis , “The Newtonian achievement in astronomy”, in Taton René and Wilson Curtis (eds), Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics, Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton (Cambridge, 1989), 233–74, pp. 262–7.

Aiton E. J. , “The contributions of Newton, Bernoulli and Euler to the theory of the tides”, Annals of science, xi (1955), 206–23, pp. 210–13; Kollerstrom Nick , “Newton's lunar mass error”, Journal of the British Astronomical Association, xcv (1985), 1985–3; Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 238–46.

Newton , System of the world (ref. 35), 71–72; compare Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 835.

Cotes to Newton, 28 February 1712; Newton to Cotes, 9 April and 22 April 1712; and Cotes to Newton, 26 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 243–4, 263–9, 273–5, 278–80. For Cotes's work as editor, see Westfall , Never at rest (ref. 18), 703–12, 729–51; Cohen , Introduction (ref. 31), 227–35; Gowing Ronald , Roger Cotes, natural philosopher (Cambridge, 1983), 14–19, 80–108.

Moray to Bruce, 8 January 1658, in Stevenson David (ed.), Letters of Sir Robert Moray to the Earl of Kincardine (London, 2007), 113; Moray Robert , “A relation of some extraordinary tydes in the West-Isles of Scotland”, and Moray, “Considerations and enquiries concerning tides”, Philosophical transactions, i (1665–6), 53–55 and 298–301; Deacon Margaret , Scientists and the sea 1650–1900 (London, 1971), 72. Newton's notes on tides in the Hebrides and the Danube are reprinted in McGuire J. E. and Tamny Martin (eds), Certain philosophical questions: Newton's Trinity notebook (Cambridge, 1983), 404; Newton's notes on these tidal reports in Philosophical transactions are at Cambridge University Library MS Add 3958.1, fol. 9.

Deacon Margaret , “Founders of marine science in Britain: The work of the early Fellows of the Royal Society”, Notes and records of the Royal Society, xx (1965), 28–50, p. 32.

Moray , “Considerations and enquiries” (ref. 41), 299–301, and Moray , “Patternes of the tables proposed to be made for observing of tides”, Philosophical transactions, i (1665–6), 311–13; Deacon , Scientists (ref. 41), 99–100. Newton's comments against Wallis are at Cambridge University Library MS Add 3958, fol. 12v and his notes on Moray's observatory at fol. 13r.

Wallis John , “An essay exhibiting his hypothesis about the flux and reflux of the sea”, Philosophical transactions, i (1665–6), 263–81, pp. 275–6; Shapin , Social history of truth (ref. 9), 258–66; Dear , Discipline and experience (ref. 28), 230–1.

Childrey Joseph , “A letter containing some animadversions upon the Reverend Dr John Wallis's hypothesis about the flux and reflux of the sea”, Philosophical transactions, v (1670), 2061–8, pp. 2062–3; Moray , “Considerations and enquiries” (ref. 41), 297–8; Deacon , Scientists (ref. 41), 102–8.

Deacon , Scientists (ref. 41), 101–2; Sturmy Samuel , “An account of some observations made this present year in Hong-Road within four miles of Bristol”, Philosophical transactions, iii (1668), 813–17, p. 815.

Flamsteed John , “A correct tide table”, Philosophical transactions, xiii (1683), 10–15, p. 12; Molyneux William , “An account of the course of tides in the port of Dublin”, Philosophical transactions, xvi (1686), 1686–3; Flamsteed to Newton, 26 September 1685, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 427–8; Flamsteed to Molyneux, 17 January 1687 and to Towneley, 12 February 1687, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), ii, 328 and 338.

Halley Edmond , “The true theory of the tides”, Philosophical transactions, xix (1697), 445–57 (composed 1686); Halley to James II, 1687, British Library 537.g.30, p. 12; Cook , Halley (ref. 32), 284–90; Waters , “Captain Edmond Halley” (ref. 32), 196.

Newton , System (ref. 35), 76, 78, 87–88; Cohen and Koyré (eds), Principia (ref. 37), 667 n.

Newton to Cotes, 26 February 1712; Cotes to Newton, 28 February 1712; Newton to Cotes, 8 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 241, 243, 264; Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 875. For the manipulation of tide data, see Westfall Richard S. , “Newton and the fudge factor”, Science, clxxix (1973), 751–8, pp. 756–8.

Cartwright David E. , “The Tonkin tides revisited”, Notes and records of the Royal Society, lvii (2003), 135–42.

Davenport to James, 12 July 1678, in “Tonqueen Journal Register” (1678–79), British Library, India Office Records MS G/12/17, part 5, fol. 233v; compare “Tonqueen Journal transcrib'd by Francis Davenport”, British Library MS Sloane 998, fols. 49–50, “Mr Henry Baker's Account of the Flowing of the Waters” (1673): “I found the Waters to have no course with the Moon”.

Birch , History of the Royal Society (ref. 29), iv, 289–90 (23 April 1684); Winterbottom Anna , “Producing and using the Historical relation of Ceylon: Knox Robert , the East India Company and the Royal Society”, The British journal for the history of science, xlii (2009), forthcoming.

Davenport Francis , “An account of the course of the tides at Tonqueen”, with Edmond Halley, “The theory of them at the barr of Tonqueen”, Philosophical transactions, xiv (1684), 677–88; the original of Davenport's account, which differs in some significant passages, is at British Library, India Office Records MS G/12/17, fols. 237–40.

Dampier William , A new voyage round the world (London, 1698), “Discourse of the trade-winds, breezes, storms, seasons of the year, tides and currents of the Torrid Zone throughout the world” (separate pagination), 97.

Davenport Francis , An historical abstract of Mr Samuel White (London, 1688); White George , Reflections on a scandalous paper entituled the Answer of the East-India Company to two printed papers of Mr Samuel White together with the True character of Mr Francis Davenport (London, 1689), citation from p. 3. See Collis Maurice , Siamese White (London, 1936), 95–99 and 293–6: Davenport “became one of the best-known names in London”.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 839; Cohen Bernard I. , “The first explanation of interference”, American journal of physics, viii (1940), 99–106, pp. 105–6; Cartwright , “Tonkin tides” (ref. 51), 137–8.

Guerlac Henry , Newton on the Continent (Ithaca, 1981), 34–40; Genuth Sara Schechner , Comets, popular culture, and the birth of modern cosmology (Princeton, 1997), 133–42; Ruffner J. A. , “Newton's Propositions on comets: Steps in transition, 1681–84”, Archive for history of exact sciences, liv (2000), 2000–77.

Flamsteed to Towneley, 11 May 1677, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 552.

Casanovas Juan and Keenan Philip C. , “The observations of comets by Valentin Stansel, a seventeenth century missionary in Brazil”, Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu, lxii (1993), 319–30, pp. 327–8; Camenietzki Carlos Ziller , “The celestial pilgrimages of Valentin Stansel, Jesuit astronomer and missionary in Brazil”, in Feingold Moti (ed.), The new sciences and Jesuit science: Seventeenth century perspectives (Dordrecht, 2003), 249–70, pp. 260–2; and Camenietzki , “Baroque science” (ref. 12), 316.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 927.

Hooke Robert , “A discourse of the nature of comets” (1682), in Waller Richard (ed.), Posthumous works of Robert Hooke (London, 1705), 149–90, p. 151.

Buchwald , “Discrepant measurements” (ref. 17), 592; Halley to Flamsteed, 7 June 1679, in MacPike Eugene Fairfield , Hevelius, Flamsteed and Halley: Three contemporary astronomers and their mutual relations (London, 1937), 86–87.

Shapin , Social history of truth (ref. 9), 272–87; Halley to Molyneux, 27 March 1686, in MacPike Eugene Fairfield , Correspondence and papers of Edmond Halley (Oxford, 1932), 60.

MacPike , Correspondence and papers of Halley (ref. 64), 48–52; Cook , Halley (ref. 32), 105–15.

Cook , Halley (ref. 32), 119–24, 127; Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 751–5; Forbes Eric G. , “The comet of 1680–1681”, in Thrower (ed.), Standing on the shoulders of giants (ref. 32), 312–23, pp. 313–17; Forbes Eric G. (ed.), The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed (London, 1975), 107. See Åkerman Susanna , Queen Christina of Sweden and her circle: The transformation of a seventeenth century philosophical libertine (Leiden, 1991), 176–7, 254–5.

Cook , Halley (ref. 32), 147–51; Westfall , Never at rest (ref. 18), 402–7.

Newton's cometary notes in Cambridge University Library MS Add 4004, fols. 101–5 and MS Add 3965.14, fols. 581–2, 613–14, described in Ruffner, “Newton's Propositions on comets” (ref. 58); Flamsteed to Newton, 25 September 1685 (first draft), in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), ii, 247–8; a later version is at Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 421–8. Forbes Compare (ed.), Gresham lectures of Flamsteed (ref. 66), 113.

Chapman Allan , “Edmond Halley's use of historical evidence in the advancement of science”, Notes and records of the Royal Society of London, xlviii (1994), 167–91.

Newton to Crompton for Flamsteed, 28 February 1681, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 340–7; compare Flamsteed to Halley, 17 February 1681, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 760–3; Flamsteed to Crompton for Newton, 7 March 1681, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), ii, 348–55. For redrafts involving French and Roman observers, as well as Hill and Babington, see Koyré and Cohen (eds.), Principia with variant readings (ref. 37), 717–32.

Brattle to Flamsteed, 4 June 1681, in Correspondence of Flamsteed (ref. 25), i, 789–90. For Brattle and Flamsteed, and his lack of direct knowledge of Newton, see Kennedy Rick , “Thomas Brattle and the scientific provincialism of New England 1680–1713”, The New England quarterly, lxiii (1990), 584–600.

Broughton Peter , “Arthur Storer of Maryland: His astronomical work and his family ties with Newton”, Journal of the history of astronomy, xix (1988), 77–96, p. 92; Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 913, 927.

Hooke , Posthumous works (ref. 62), 154; Koyré and Cohen (eds), Principia with variant readings (ref. 37), 730.

Shapin , Social history of truth (ref. 9), 287; Halley Edmond , A synopsis of the astronomy of comets (London, 1705), 19 and 21–22.

For the French dilemma see Jurin James (ed.), Bernhardi Varenii Geographia generalis (Cambridge, 1712), appendix (separate pagination), 3–4 and 40; Warntz , “Newton” (ref. 29), 188.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 827.

Cotes to Newton, 16 and 23 February 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 226, 233.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 829; Olmsted John , “The scientific expedition of Jean Richer to Cayenne”, Isis, xxxiv (1942), 117–28; Greenberg John , The problem of the Earth's shape from Newton to Clairaut (Cambridge, 1995), 7.

Dew Nicholas , “Vers la ligne: Circulating measurements around the French Atlantic”, in Delbourgo and Dew (eds), Science and empire in the Atlantic world (ref. 17), 53–72, pp. 60–64, and Dew , “Scientific travel in the Atlantic world: The French expedition to Gorée and the Antilles, 1681–1683”, The British journal for the history of science, xliii (2010), forthcoming. See Richer Jean , “Observations astronomiques et physiques faites en l'isle de Caïenne”, in Recueil d'observations faites en plusieurs voyages par ordre de sa Majesté (Paris, 1693), separate pagination, 36–37. Newton's notes on Cayenne, Richer and Halley are in “Waste Book”, Cambridge University Library MS Add 4004, fol. 101v; compare Cook , Halley (ref. 32), 116. He also owned a copy of the Recueil d'observations.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 832. Compare Justel to Oldenburg, 16 August 1673, in Hall A. R. and Hall M. B. Hall M. B. (eds), Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg (13 vols, Madison, 1965–86), x, 152–3, cited in Dew, “Vers la ligne” (ref. 79), 70 n. 29.

Newton to Cotes, 3 April 1712; Cotes to Newton, 16 February 1712; Cotes to Newton 23 February 1712; in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 257, 226, 233–5.

Dew , “Vers la ligne” (ref. 79), 61–62; Cassini , “Les elemens de l'astronomie verifiez par M. Cassini par le rapport de ses tables aux observations de M. Richer”, in Recueil d'observations (ref. 79), 55.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 830–2.

Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 831; compare Cotes to Newton, 23 and 28 February 1712 and Newton to Cotes, 26 February and 3 April 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), v, 234–7, 240–3, 261. For “tinkering” see Greenberg , Problem (ref. 78), 14.

Cotes to Newton, 23 February 1712 and Newton to Cotes, 26 February 1712, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), 235, 240–1; Cassini Jacques , “Des observations faites aux Indes Occidentales en 1704, 1705 et 1706 par P. Feuillée Minime, Mathématicien du Roy, comparées à celles qui ont été faites en même tems à l'Observatoire Royale”, Mémoires de l'Académie Royale des Sciences, 1709, 5–16, on 7–8; Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 830.

Feuillée Louis , Journal des observations physiques, mathématiques et botaniques faites par ordre du Roi sur les côtes orientales de l'Amérique Méridionale et aux Indes Occidentales (2 vols, Paris, 1714–25), ii, 326–7, 407–8. Newton's copy of this work is in Trinity College Cambridge, NQ.10, 23–24.

Frézier Amédée-François , Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud (Paris, 1714), p. viii, and Frézier , A voyage to the South-sea (London, 1717), sig. A2r, which also prints Halley to Bowyer, 6 April 1717. Compare Jorge Cañizares-Esguerra, How to write the history of the New World (Stanford, 2001), 15–17; Safier Neil , Measuring the New World: Enlightenment science and South America (Ithaca, 2008), 215–17.

Feuillée , Journal (ref. 86), ii, 86–87 (published 1725); Frézier Amédée-François , Relation du voyage de la Mer du Sud, 2nd edn (Paris, 1732), “Réponse à la preface critique du Livre intitulé Journal des Observations“, separate pagination, 8.

de la Condamine Charles-Marie , Journal du voyage fait par ordre du roi à l'Equateur (2 vols, Paris, 1751), i, 162; Safier Neil , Measuring the New World (ref. 87), 39–43. Lafuente Compare Antonio and Mazuecos Antonio , Los caballeros del punto fijo (Madrid, 1987), 19–22, 172–86; Terrall Mary , “Representing the Earth's shape: The polemics surrounding Maupertuis' expedition to Lapland”, Isis, lxxxiii (1992), 1992–37; Iliffe Rob , “‘Aplatisseur du monde et de Cassini’: Maupertuis, precision measurement and the shape of the Earth in the 1730s”, History of science, xxxi (1993), 1993–75 and Iliffe , “Ce que Newton connut sans sortir de chez lui: Maupertuis et la forme de la terre dans les années 1730”, Histoire et mésure, viii (1993), 1993–86.

Stigler Stephen M. , “Eight centuries of sampling inspection: The Trial of the Pyx”, Journal of the American Statistical Association, lxxii (1977), 493–500, pp. 497–8; Newton to the Treasury, December 1710, in Correspondence of Newton (ref. 18), 82–90; Newton, draft of “Chronology of Ancient Kingdoms amended”, New College Oxford, MS 361.1 B, fols. 104–6 and Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended (London, 1728), 52–54; Manuel Frank , Isaac Newton historian (Cambridge, 1963), 55.

Isaac Newton, New College Oxford MS 361.3, fol. 25; see Manuel , Newton (ref. 90), 87; Knoespel Kenneth J. , “Newton in the school of time: The Chronology of ancient kingdoms amended and the crisis of seventeenth-century historiography”, The eighteenth century, xxx (1989), 19–41, pp. 24–28.

Iliffe Rob , “Apocalyptic hermeneutics and anti-idolatry in the work of Isaac Newton and Henry More”, in Popkin Richard and Force James (eds), The books of nature and scripture (Dordrecht, 1994), 55–88; Westfall Robert S. , “Isaac Newton's Theologia gentiles origines philosophicae“, in Wagar Warren W. (ed.), The secular mind: Transformations of faith in modern Europe (New York, 1982), 15–34; citation from Newton Isaac , “The original of religions”, Jewish National Library MS Yahuda 41, fol.4r.

Newton , “Original of religions” (ref. 92), fol. 2v.

Newton , System of the world (ref. 35), 1–4.

Newton , Mathematical principles (ref. 31), ii, 202, and Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 198–200, 795. Cohen Compare , Introduction (ref. 31), 240–5; Koyré Alexandre , Newtonian studies (1965; Chicago, 1968), 265–6. For the rules in eschatology, see Mamiani Maurizio , “To twist the meaning: Newton's Regulae philosophandi revisited”, in Buchwald and Cohen , Isaac Newton's natural philosophy (ref. 27), 3–14. For application to Atlantic measures see Dew , “Vers la ligne” (ref. 79), 54–56. Einstein is read as offering “a handbook for travellers” in Bruno Latour, “A relativistic account of Einstein's relativity”, Social studies of science, xviii (1988), 1988–44.

Newton , Mathematical principles (ref. 31), ii, 390–1, and Newton , Principia (ref. 31), 941–2; see Stewart Larry , “Seeing through the Scholium: Religion and reading Newton in the eighteenth century”, History of science, xxxiv (1996), 123–65; Snobelen Stephen , “‘God of Gods, and Lord of Lords’: The theology of Isaac Newton's General Scholium to the Principia“, Osiris, xvi (2001), 2001–208.

Newton , “The end of the world day of Judgment and world to come”, Jewish National Library MS Yahuda 9.2, fols. 139–40, partly transcribed in Manuel Frank E. , The religion of Isaac Newton (Oxford, 1974), 101–2. A source for Newton's remarks is Joseph Glanvill, A philosophical endeavour towards the defence of the being of witches and apparitions (London, 1666), 9. This text was republished in 1681 after Glanvill's death as Saducismus triumphatus by More Henry . Newton later reaffirmed his claim that there are “intelligent beings superior to us who superintend these revolutions of the heavenly bodies”: See Iliffe (ed.), Early biographies (ref. 6), 165.

Thomson James , To the memory of Sir Isaac Newton (1727), lines 7 and 190–5; see Fara , Newton (ref. 2), 59–97.

Wordsworth William , The prelude (1850), Book 3, lines 60–63. See Thomas and Ober, A mind forever voyaging (ref. 5), 47–48.